Materials for Orthopedic Bioimplants: Modulating Degradation and Surface Modification Using Integrated Nanomaterials

Abstract

Significant research and development in the field of biomedical implants has evoked the scope to treat a broad range of orthopedic ailments that include fracture fixation, total bone replacement, joint arthrodesis, dental screws, and others. Importantly, the success of a bioimplant depends not only upon its bulk properties, but also on its surface properties that influence its interaction with the host tissue. Various approaches of surface modification such as coating of nanomaterial have been employed to enhance antibacterial activities of a bioimplant. The modified surface facilitates directed modulation of the host cellular behavior and grafting of cell-binding peptides, extracellular matrix (ECM) proteins, and growth factors to further improve host acceptance of a bioimplant. These strategies showed promising results in orthopedics, e.g., improved bone repair and regeneration. However, the choice of materials, especially considering their degradation behavior and surface properties, plays a key role in long-term reliability and performance of bioimplants. Metallic biomaterials have evolved largely in terms of their bulk and surface properties including nano-structuring with nanomaterials to meet the requirements of new generation orthopedic bioimplants. In this review, we have discussed metals and metal alloys commonly used for manufacturing different orthopedic bioimplants and the biotic as well as abiotic factors affecting the failure and degradation of those bioimplants. The review also highlights the currently available nanomaterial-based surface modification technologies to augment the function and performance of these metallic bioimplants in a clinical setting.

Environmental Impact of Nanoparticles’ Application as an Emerging Technology: A Review

“…Two different types of accidental emissions may happen: direct emissions (e.g., open windows when working with powder materials or an accidental spill) and indirect emissions (e.g., incorrect waste treatment). During the manufacturing stage of the final products, the emission increases when processes of structural modification of the material containing NPs take place, such as cuts, drilling or procedures that require high energy and temperature to fabricate adjusting the shape [ 44 ]. Exposure of workers to NPs during the handling and production is a possible route of emission into the environment, although its relevance still remains unknown [ 45 ].…”

Science-Based Strategies of Antiviral Coatings with Viricidal Properties for the COVID-19 Like Pandemics

“…The potential antiviral and viricidal coating technologies implemented, for design and development of a wide range of commercialized antiviral products, such as personal protective equipment (PPE), medical instrument, appliances, and hygienic implements, are discussed. Antiviral products are designed with the concept of modifying the surface, with any of the antiviral and viricidal coating compositions, using the most promising surface modification technologies [23][24][25][26][27]. Both antiviral and viricidal compositions and surface modification technologies play a major role in the destruction of viruses, by providing a thin film over the surface to retain its antiviral activity.…”

The Research of Toxicity and Sensitization Potential of PEGylated Silver and Gold Nanomaterials

“…Recently, many studies have tried to report the toxicological effect of nanomaterials (NMs) as the NPs-related concern has been elevated. Additionally, application of NM's surface modification in the biomedical field holds a critical position [15]. However, there is little research investigating the sensitization of PEGylated NPs.…”