The complexity of some diseases—as well as the inherent toxicity of certain drugs—has led to an increasing interest in the development and optimization of drug-delivery systems. Polymeric nanoparticles stand out as a key tool to improve drug bioavailability or specific delivery at the site of action. The versatility of polymers makes them potentially ideal for fulfilling the requirements of each particular drug-delivery system. In this review, a summary of the state-of-the-art panorama of polymeric nanoparticles as drug-delivery systems has been conducted, focusing mainly on those applications in which the corresponding disease involves an important morbidity, a considerable reduction in the life quality of patients—or even a high mortality. A revision of the use of polymeric nanoparticles for ocular drug delivery, for cancer diagnosis and treatment, as well as nutraceutical delivery, was carried out, and a short discussion about future prospects of these systems is included.
The unique properties that nanoparticles exhibit, due to their small size, are the principal reason for their numerous applications, but at the same time, this might be a massive menace to the environment. The number of studies that assess the possible ecotoxicity of nanomaterials has been increasing over the last decade to determine if, despite the positive aspects, they should be considered a potential health risk. To evaluate their potential toxicity, models are used in all types of organisms, from unicellular bacteria to complex animal species. In order to better understand the environmental consequences of nanotechnology, this literature review aims to describe and classify nanoparticles, evaluating their life cycle, their environmental releasing capacity and the type of impact, particularly on living beings, highlighting the need to develop more severe and detailed legislation. Due to their diversity, nanoparticles will be discussed in generic terms focusing on the impact of a great variety of them, highlighting the most interesting ones for the industry.
Nowadays there is a worldwide growing interest in the Inkjet Printing technology owing to its potentially high levels of geometrical complexity, personalization and resolution. There is also social concern about usage, disposal and accumulation of plastic materials. In this work, it is shown that sugar-based biodegradable polyurethane polymers exhibit outstanding properties as polymer-matrix for gold nanoparticles composites. These materials could reach exceptional stabilization levels, and demonstrated potential as novel robust inks for Inkjet based Printing. Furthermore, a physical comparison among different polymers is discussed based on stability and printability experiments to search for the best ink candidate. The University of Seville logo was printed by employing those inks, and the presence of gold was confirmed by ToF-SIMS. This approach has the potential to open new routes and applications for fabrication of enhanced biomedical nanometallic-sensors using stabilized AuNP.
<p>Se utilizaron datos de crecimiento de terneros del rebaño multirracial Sanmartinero-Cebú localizado en el Centro de Investigaciones La Libertad, con el objeto de obtener la estimación de razones genéticas aditivas (heredabilidades), no aditivas (interactibi-lidades) y correlaciones genético aditivas, no aditivas, directas y maternas para peso al nacimiento, peso al destete (240 d),y ganancia de peso postdestete (240 a 480 d). Se obtuvieron también predicciones de valores genéticos aditivos y no aditivos de los tres caracteres de crecimiento para todos los toros usados en el rebaño enlre r97ty 1996. La metodología utilizada,tanto para el cálculo de la estimación de componentes de varianza y covarianza, como para las predicciones genéticas de toros, fue de tipo multirracial. La estimación de heredabilidades en las razas Sanmartinero y Cebú fue: 0.26 y 0.30 para peso al nacimiento directo, 0.10 y 0.08 para peso al destete directo, 0.44 y 0.37 para ganancia postdestete directa, 0.29 y 0.36 para peso al nacimiento materno, 0.11 y 0.10 para peso al destete materno y 0.46 y 0.38 para ganancia postdeste materno, respectivamente. Las estimaciones de correlaciones genéticas aditivas y no aditivas entre todos los caracteres y efectos genéticos fueron bajas; la mayoría de ellas (38 de 45) menores de 0.10. Las predicciones genéticas aditivas y totales directas indican que los toros Sanmartinero tuvieron, en general, terneros más pequeños al nacimiento, de menor peso al destete y de similar ganancia postdestete que en los terneros de toros Cebú. Las predicciones genéticas aditivas y totales maternas, por el contrario, sugieren que hijas de toros Sanmartinero tuvieron terneros más grandes al nacimiento, de mayor peso al destete y de mayor ganancia postdestete que terneros de hijas de toros Cebú. Las predicciones genéticas no aditivas directas fueron mayores que las no aditivas maternas para toros Sanmartinero y Cebú. Por su parte, las predicciones aditivas y no aditivas pre y postdestete maternas sugieren que terneros de madres de menor habilidad materna (e.g., menor producción de leche) crecieron más en el período postdestete. Estos resultados indican que animales Sanmartinero fueron competitivos con animales Cebú para caracteres de crecimiento y demostraron excelente habilidad combinatoria interracial bajo Ias condiciones de nutrición y manejo del Centro de Investigación La Libertad.</p><p> </p><p><strong>Variability and additive, non additive and total genetic predictions in the multibreed, Sanmartinero-Cebu beef cattle herd in La Libertad Research Center</strong></p><p>Calf growth data from the Sanmartinero-Zebu multibreed herd located at the La Libertad Research Center were used to obtain estimations of additive genetic ratios (heritabilities), non additive genetic atios (interactibilities), and additive, non additive, direct and maternal genetic correlations for birth weight, weaning weight (240 d), and postweaning gain (240 to 480 d). Additive and non additive genetic values were predicted for the three growth traits, for all sires used in the herd from 1971 to 1996. Multibreed methodology was used to compute estimates of covariance components and to predict sire genetic values. Heritability estimates in the Sanmartinero and Zebu breeds were 0.26 and 0.30 for birth weight direct, 0.10 and 0.08 for weaning weight direct, 0.44 and 0.37 for postweaning weight direct, 0.29 and 0.36 for birth weight maternal, 0.11 and 0.10 for weaning weight maternal, and 0.46 and 0.38 for postweaning weight maternal. Estimates of additive and non additive genetic correlations among all traits and genetic effects were low; most of them (38 of 45) were smaller than 0.10. Additive and total direct genetic predictions indicate that calves sired by Sanmartinero bulls were, in general, smaller at birth and at weaning, but had similar postweaning gains to calves from Zebu bulls. Additive and total maternal predictions, on the other hand, suggest that daughters of Sanmartinero sires had larger calves at birth that were heavier at weaning, and had larger postvveaning gains than calves of daughters of Zebu sires. Non additive direct genetic predictions were larger than non additive maternal ones for both: Sanmartinero and Zebu sires. Additive and non additive maternal predictions for pre and postweaning gain, however, suggest that calves of dams of lower maternal ability (e.g., lower milk production) grew more postweaning than those of higher maternal ability. These results suggest that Sanmartinero cattle were competitive with Zebu cattle for growth traits, and demonstrated an excellent interbreed combining ability under the nutritional and management conditions of La Libertad.</p>
A novel ultrasound assisted method for preparing supported liquid membranes is described in this paper. The stability and efficiency of the supported liquid membrane obtained was tested by removing cobalt(II) from aqueous solutions through a facilitated countertransport mechanism using CYANEX 272 as carrier and protons as counterions. The results are compared with those obtained using supported liquid membranes prepared by soaking the polymeric material in the organic solution of the carrier at atmospheric pressure and under vacuum, both for 24h. Higher transport efficiency (>5%), flux (∼18%), permeability (∼20%) and stability (>6% in the second run and ∼10% in the third run) were obtained by the supported liquid membrane prepared using the ultrasound assisted method. These findings can be explained by the effects of cavitation and acoustical streaming - which result from the ultrasound passing through the organic solution of the extractant - on the porous structure of the polymer support and on the pore filling.
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