Materials and Optimized Designs for Human‐Machine Interfaces Via Epidermal Electronics

Jeong, Jae Woong; Yeo, Woon‐Hong; Akhtar, Aadeel; Norton, James C.; Kwack, Young Jin; Li, Shuo; Jung, Sang Won; Su, Yewang; Lee, Woosik; Xia, Jing; Cheng, Huanyu; Huang, Yonggang; Choi, Woon Seop; Bretl, Timothy; Rogers, John A.

doi:10.1002/adma.201301921

Cited by 687 publications

(643 citation statements)

References 16 publications

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“…Electrodes measure electrophysiological processes in the brain (electroencephalograms (EEGs)) 23 , heart (electrocardiograms (ECGs)) and muscle (electromyograms (EMGs)) 32,33 . To minimize impedance between the electrode and skin and to optimize the measured signal-to-noise, electrodes require both conformal skin contact and high areal coverage 32,33 . Electrodes that interface directly with neurons additionally benefit from having large perimeters within an area [34][35][36] .…”

Section: Resultsmentioning

confidence: 99%

Fractal design concepts for stretchable electronics

et al. 2014

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Stretchable electronics provide a foundation for applications that exceed the scope of conventional wafer and circuit board technologies due to their unique capacity to integrate with soft materials and curvilinear surfaces. The range of possibilities is predicated on the development of device architectures that simultaneously offer advanced electronic function and compliant mechanics. Here we report that thin films of hard electronic materials patterned in deterministic fractal motifs and bonded to elastomers enable unusual mechanics with important implications in stretchable device design. In particular, we demonstrate the utility of Peano, Greek cross, Vicsek and other fractal constructs to yield space-filling structures of electronic materials, including monocrystalline silicon, for electrophysiological sensors, precision monitors and actuators, and radio frequency antennas. These devices support conformal mounting on the skin and have unique properties such as invisibility under magnetic resonance imaging. The results suggest that fractal-based layouts represent important strategies for hard-soft materials integration.

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Section: Resultsmentioning

confidence: 99%

Fractal design concepts for stretchable electronics

et al. 2014

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“…[20][21][22][23][24][25][26][27][28][29][30][31][32][33][34] These novel epidermal devices contain soft, conformal sensors and associated circuits embedded in ultrathin encapsulating layers that achieve intimate skin coupling. 25,34 Here, we present a highly flexible epidermal design and clinical implementation of a novel ECG and heart rate logging wearable sensor, henceforth referred to as "WiSP", which is low cost, light-weight (1.2 g), and capable of energy harvesting.…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Highly flexible, wearable, and disposable cardiac biosensors for remote and ambulatory monitoring

Lee¹,

Wright³

et al. 2018

npj Digital Med

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167

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Contemporary cardiac and heart rate monitoring devices capture physiological signals using optical and electrode-based sensors. However, these devices generally lack the form factor and mechanical flexibility necessary for use in ambulatory and home environments. Here, we report an ultrathin (~1 mm average thickness) and highly flexible wearable cardiac sensor (WiSP) designed to be minimal in cost (disposable), light weight (1.2 g), water resistant, and capable of wireless energy harvesting. Theoretical analyses of system-level bending mechanics show the advantages of WiSP's flexible electronics, soft encapsulation layers and bioadhesives, enabling intimate skin coupling. A clinical feasibility study conducted in atrial fibrillation patients demonstrates that the WiSP device effectively measures cardiac signals matching the Holter monitor, and is more comfortable. WiSP's physical attributes and performance results demonstrate its utility for monitoring cardiac signals during daily activity, exertion and sleep, with implications for home-based care.

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“…These systems softly laminate onto the epidermis to yield highly functional, cutaneous interfaces that are mechanically, thermally and chemically 'invisible' to the user 5,6 with potential for use outside of hospitals and traditional laboratory settings. Opportunities in seamless, continuous assessment of health/ wellness, advanced function in wound monitoring/care and human-machine control systems motivate research in this field 7,8 . Desirable physical attributes include a low modulus and bending stiffness with elastic mechanics for strains of tens of percent, or more, as well as a thin and lightweight layout with low thermal mass, high water and gas permeability, robust and noninvasive adhesion to the skin, even in regions with significant contours and hair, and a mechanically rugged, reusable construction.…”

mentioning

confidence: 99%