Rugged and breathable forms of stretchable electronics with adherent composite substrates for transcutaneous monitoring

Jang, Kyung In; Han, Sang Youn; Xu, Sheng; Mathewson, Kyle E.; Zhang, Yihui; Jeong, Jae Woong; Kim, Gwang Tae; Webb, R. Chad; Lee, Jung Woo; Dawidczyk, Thomas J.; Kim, Rak Hwan; Song, Young Min; Yeo, Woon‐Hong; Stanley, Kim; Cheng, Huanyu; Rhee, S.; Chung, Jeahoon; Kim, Byunggik; Chung, Ha Uk; Lee, Dongjun; Yang, Yiyuan; Cho, Moongee; Gaspar, John; Carbonari, Ronald; Fabiani, Monica; Gratton, Gabriele; Huang, Yonggang; Rogers, John A.

doi:10.1038/ncomms5779

Cited by 314 publications

(204 citation statements)

References 23 publications

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“…Neither such characteristics is possible with conventional, rigid technologies formed on the surfaces of semiconductor wafers or glass panels. Flexible electronic devices offer great potential for application in areas such as wearable electronics, 2,8,11,18,19 paper-like displays, 13,[20][21][22] and health-monitoring systems. 19,[23][24][25][26] Inorganic semiconductors represent the foundations for all conventional, commercialized types of electronic devices, due primarily to performance characteristics that significantly exceed those of known organic materials, including high-field-effect mobilities and long-term stability under mechanical, electrical, and environmental stress.…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Inorganic semiconducting materials for flexible and stretchable electronics

et al. 2017

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Recent progress in the synthesis and deterministic assembly of advanced classes of single crystalline inorganic semiconductor nanomaterial establishes a foundation for high-performance electronics on bendable, and even elastomeric, substrates. The results allow for classes of systems with capabilities that cannot be reproduced using conventional wafer-based technologies. Specifically, electronic devices that rely on the unusual shapes/forms/constructs of such semiconductors can offer mechanical properties, such as flexibility and stretchability, traditionally believed to be accessible only via comparatively low-performance organic materials, with superior operational features due to their excellent charge transport characteristics. Specifically, these approaches allow integration of high-performance electronic functionality onto various curvilinear shapes, with linear elastic mechanical responses to large strain deformations, of particular relevance in bio-integrated devices and bio-inspired designs. This review summarizes some recent progress in flexible electronics based on inorganic semiconductor nanomaterials, the key associated design strategies and examples of device components and modules with utility in biomedicine.

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Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Inorganic semiconducting materials for flexible and stretchable electronics

et al. 2017

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“…This paper presents results that enable such operation in platforms that combine dual-junction compound semiconductor, millimeter-scale solar cells with bare die, chip-scale rechargeable lithium-ion batteries, and integrated circuits for power management. The integration schemes represent improvements on the types of liquid and ultrasoft elastomer strategies reported previously (1,25), but in optimized, advanced architectures, including a folded, multilayer geometry that effectively combines the solar cells and batteries in a compact fashion without compromising the stretchable mechanics. System-level demonstrators involve thin, soft, compliant wireless systems configured…”

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confidence: 99%

Soft, thin skin-mounted power management systems and their use in wireless thermography

Lee

et al. 2016

Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. U.S.A.

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Power supply represents a critical challenge in the development of body-integrated electronic technologies. Although recent research establishes an impressive variety of options in energy storage (batteries and supercapacitors) and generation (triboelectric, piezoelectric, thermoelectric, and photovoltaic devices), the modest electrical performance and/or the absence of soft, biocompatible mechanical properties limit their practical use. The results presented here form the basis of soft, skin-compatible means for efficient photovoltaic generation and high-capacity storage of electrical power using dual-junction, compound semiconductor solar cells and chip-scale, rechargeable lithium-ion batteries, respectively. Miniaturized components, deformable interconnects, optimized array layouts, and dual-composition elastomer substrates, superstrates, and encapsulation layers represent key features. Systematic studies of the materials and mechanics identify optimized designs, including unusual configurations that exploit a folded, multilayer construct to improve the functional density without adversely affecting the soft, stretchable characteristics. System-level examples exploit such technologies in fully wireless sensors for precision skin thermography, with capabilities in continuous data logging and local processing, validated through demonstrations on volunteer subjects in various realistic scenarios.solid-state lithium-ion battery | multijunction solar cell | stretchable electronics | energy management | wearable technology R ecent ideas in materials science and mechanical engineering establish strategies for integrating functionality enabled by hard forms of electronics with compliant interconnects and soft packages to yield hybrid systems that offer low-modulus, elastic responses to large strain deformations (1-4). Such stretchable characteristics are qualitatively different from those afforded by simple mechanical bendability; the consequences are important because such properties allow for intimate, long-lived interfaces with the human body, such as the skin (5, 6), heart (7), and the brain (8), and for development of unusual device designs that derive inspiration from biology (9, 10). Many impressive examples of the utility of these concepts have emerged over the last several years, particularly in the area of biomedical devices, where work in skin-mounted technologies is now moving from laboratory demonstrations to devices with proven utility in human clinical studies (11, 12) and even to recently launched commercial products (13). Although schemes in high-frequency or ultrahigh-frequency wireless power transfer satisfy requirements in many important contexts (14, 15), opportunities remain for approaches in local generation and/or storage of power in ways that retain overall stretchable characteristics at the system level. Reported approaches to the former involve harvesting based on piezoelectric (16, 17), triboelectric (18), and thermoelectric (19) effects; the latter includes batteries (20-22) and supercapa...

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“…The sufficient gas permeation of the silicone elastomer enables oxygen supply for the bacteria (22)(23)(24). If a higher level of oxygen is required, one may choose elastomers with higher permeability, such as Silbione (25), or microporous elastomers (23). In the hydrogel, the covalently cross-linked PAAm network is highly stretchable, and the reversibly cross-linked alginate network dissipates mechanical energy under deformation, leading to tough and stretchable hydrogels (14,17,26).…”

Section: Resultsmentioning

confidence: 99%

Stretchable living materials and devices with hydrogel–elastomer hybrids hosting programmed cells

Liu

Tang

Tham

et al. 2017

Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. U.S.A.

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Living systems, such as bacteria, yeasts, and mammalian cells, can be genetically programmed with synthetic circuits that execute sensing, computing, memory, and response functions. Integrating these functional living components into materials and devices will provide powerful tools for scientific research and enable new technological applications. However, it has been a grand challenge to maintain the viability, functionality, and safety of living components in freestanding materials and devices, which frequently undergo deformations during applications. Here, we report the design of a set of living materials and devices based on stretchable, robust, and biocompatible hydrogel-elastomer hybrids that host various types of genetically engineered bacterial cells. The hydrogel provides sustainable supplies of water and nutrients, and the elastomer is air-permeable, maintaining long-term viability and functionality of the encapsulated cells. Communication between different bacterial strains and with the environment is achieved via diffusion of molecules in the hydrogel. The high stretchability and robustness of the hydrogel-elastomer hybrids prevent leakage of cells from the living materials and devices, even under large deformations. We show functions and applications of stretchable living sensors that are responsive to multiple chemicals in a variety of form factors, including skin patches and gloves-based sensors. We further develop a quantitative model that couples transportation of signaling molecules and cellular response to aid the design of future living materials and devices. hydrogels | synthetic biology | genetically engineered bacteria | biochemical sensors | wearable devices G enetically engineered cells enabled by synthetic biology have accomplished multiple programmable functions, including sensing (1), responding (2), computing (3), and recording (4). Powered by this emerging capability to program cells into living computers (1-6), the integration of genetically encoded cells into freestanding materials and devices will not only provide new tools for scientific research but also, lead to unprecedented technological applications (7). However, the development of such living materials and devices has been significantly hampered by the demanding requirements for maintaining viable and functional cells in materials and devices plus biosafety concerns toward the release of genetically modified organisms into environments. For example, gene networks embedded in paper matrices have been used for low-cost rapid viruses detection and protein manufacturing (1). However, their gene networks are based on freeze-dried extracts from genetically engineered cells to operate, partially because the paper substrates cannot sustain long-term viability and functionality of living cells or prevent their leakage. As another example, by seeding cardiomyocytes on thin elastomer films, biohybrid devices have been developed as soft actuators (8) and biomimetic robots (9). However, because the cells are not protected or isolated...

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Rugged and breathable forms of stretchable electronics with adherent composite substrates for transcutaneous monitoring

Cited by 314 publications

References 23 publications

Inorganic semiconducting materials for flexible and stretchable electronics

Inorganic semiconducting materials for flexible and stretchable electronics

Soft, thin skin-mounted power management systems and their use in wireless thermography

Stretchable living materials and devices with hydrogel–elastomer hybrids hosting programmed cells

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