Material and Energy Flows in the Production of Cathode and Anode Materials for Lithium Ion Batteries

Dunn, Jennifer B.; James, Christine; Gaines, Linda; Gallagher, Kevin G.; Dai, Qiang; Kelly, James G.

doi:10.2172/1224963

Cited by 44 publications

(57 citation statements)

References 14 publications

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“…The remaining materials, e.g., Li compounds, electrolyte, plastics, and organic materials, are lost, except in China and South Korea, where Li is recovered as LiCO 3 [59]. The latter is a useful material, since cathode compounds are manufactured from Li metal oxide/phosphate or Li carbonate/hydroxide [60]. While SoA processes successfully recover metallic fractions, emerging processes are focused on the recovery of cathode salts or their precursors.…”

Section: Compound Challengesmentioning

confidence: 99%

A Critical Review of Lithium-Ion Battery Recycling Processes from a Circular Economy Perspective

et al. 2019

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Lithium-ion batteries (LIBs) are currently one of the most important electrochemical energy storage devices, powering electronic mobile devices and electric vehicles alike. However, there is a remarkable difference between their rate of production and rate of recycling. At the end of their lifecycle, only a limited number of LIBs undergo any recycling treatment, with the majority go to landfills or being hoarded in households. Further losses of LIB components occur because the the state-of-the-art LIB recycling processes are limited to components with high economic value, e.g., Co, Cu, Fe, and Al. With the increasing popularity of concepts such as “circular economy” (CE), new LIB recycling systems have been proposed that target a wider spectrum of compounds, thus reducing the environmental impact associated with LIB production. This review work presents a discussion of the current practices and some of the most promising emerging technologies for recycling LIBs. While other authoritative reviews have focused on the description of recycling processes, the aim of the present was is to offer an analysis of recycling technologies from a CE perspective. Consequently, the discussion is based on the ability of each technology to recover every component in LIBs. The gathered data depicted a direct relationship between process complexity and the variety and usability of the recovered fractions. Indeed, only processes employing a combination of mechanical processing, and hydro- and pyrometallurgical steps seemed able to obtain materials suitable for LIB (re)manufacture. On the other hand, processes relying on pyrometallurgical steps are robust, but only capable of recovering metallic components.

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Section: Compound Challengesmentioning

confidence: 99%

A Critical Review of Lithium-Ion Battery Recycling Processes from a Circular Economy Perspective

et al. 2019

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“…The collection rate of EVs is taken at a generalized rate of 91% from literature [74]. After that, the Li-S battery packs are removed from the vehicle and discharged in a salt solution to deplete the residual energy [71]. Since Li-S batteries do not contain precious transit metals (e.g.…”

Section: Inventory Analysis Of Battery Eolmentioning

confidence: 99%

“…Since Li-S batteries do not contain precious transit metals (e.g. cobalt), a hydrometallurgical recycling process is adopted in this study [71]. Detailed information on the inventory of the Li-S battery hydrometallurgical recycling process is provided in Section 2.10 in the ESI.…”

Section: Inventory Analysis Of Battery Eolmentioning

confidence: 99%

“…The material inputs are subsequently calculated based on the material efficiencies of the cell manufacturing process. It is expected that efficiencies of Li-S battery cell manufacturing resemble those in conventional LIB cell manufacturing, namely, 92% for the positive and negative electrodes, 98% for the separator, and 94% for the electrolyte[71]. In addition, the PVDF binder needs to be dissolved in NMP solvent at 8 wt% to produce the cathode slurry, with the NMP solvent recovered at a 98% efficiency.…”

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Life cycle assessment of lithium sulfur battery for electric vehicles

Deng

et al. 2017

Journal of Power Sources

176

131

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Lithium-sulfur (Li-S) battery is widely recognized as the most promising battery technology for future electric vehicles (EV). To understand the environmental sustainability performance of Li-S battery on future EVs, here a novel life cycle assessment (LCA) model is developed for comprehensive environmental impact assessment of a Li-S battery pack using a graphene sulfur composite cathode and a lithium metal anode protected by a lithium-ion conductive layer, for actual EV applications. The Li-S battery pack is configured with a 61.3 kWh capacity to power a mid-size EV for 320km range. The life cycle inventory model is developed with a hybrid approach, based on our lab-scale synthesis of the graphene sulfur composite, our lab fabrication of Li-S battery cell, and our industrial partner's battery production processes. The impacts of the Li-S battery are assessed using the ReCiPe method and benchmarked with those of a conventional Nickle-Cobalt-Manganese (NCM)-Graphite battery pack under the same driving distance per charge. The environmental impact assessment results illustrate that Li-S battery is more environmentally friendly than conventional NCM-Graphite © 2017. This manuscript version is made available under the Elsevier user license http://www.elsevier.com/open-access/userlicense/1.0/ 2 battery, with 9%~90% lower impact. Finally, the improvement pathways for the Li-S battery to meet the USABC (U.S. Advanced Battery Consortium) targets are presented with the corresponding environmental impact changes. Keyword: Lithium sulfur battery, graphene wrapped sulfur, lithium metal anode, life cycle assessment, environmental impact 1.

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“…Against this background, an in-depth investigation of the current prevailing methods applied in the primary production of nickel and cobalt has been frequently claimed by scientists in order to improve the reliability and scientific robustness of the environmental assessments of battery manufacturing and recycling (Amarakoon et al, 2013;Dunn et al, 2015b;Gaines and Dunn, 2015). The upstream processes related to other materials such as aluminum also play a major role in the environmental impacts of battery manufacturing.…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Investigation of the primary production routes of nickel and cobalt products used for Li-ion batteries

Schmidt

Buchert

Schebek

2016

Resources, Conservation and Recycling

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Material and Energy Flows in the Production of Cathode and Anode Materials for Lithium Ion Batteries

Cited by 44 publications

References 14 publications

A Critical Review of Lithium-Ion Battery Recycling Processes from a Circular Economy Perspective

A Critical Review of Lithium-Ion Battery Recycling Processes from a Circular Economy Perspective

Life cycle assessment of lithium sulfur battery for electric vehicles

Investigation of the primary production routes of nickel and cobalt products used for Li-ion batteries

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