Investigation of the primary production routes of nickel and cobalt products used for Li-ion batteries

Schmidt, Tobias S.; Buchert, Matthias; Schebek, Liselotte

doi:10.1016/j.resconrec.2016.04.017

Cited by 82 publications

(39 citation statements)

References 22 publications

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“…The precursors are nickel sulfate (modeled based on [36]), cobalt sulfate (modeled according to [32]), aluminum sulfate (dataset from Ecoinvent 3.4), and lithium hydroxide (dataset from Ecoinvent 3.4). According to the manufacturer, the nickel sulfate is processed from nickel class I, which is consistent with Schmidt et al [37]. The data for nickel is not taken from Ecoinvent 3.4, as the nickel metal data is based on a study with the reference year 1994, whereas the Nickel Institute released a LCI on nickel class I and ferronickel in 2015 [36].…”

Section: Positive Electrode Pastesupporting

confidence: 55%

Eco-Efficiency of a Lithium-Ion Battery for Electric Vehicles: Influence of Manufacturing Country and Commodity Prices on GHG Emissions and Costs

et al. 2019

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Lithium-ion battery packs inside electric vehicles represents a high share of the final price. Nevertheless, with technology advances and the growth of the market, the price of the battery is getting more competitive. The greenhouse gas emissions and the battery cost have been studied previously, but coherent boundaries between environmental and economic assessments are needed to assess the eco-efficiency of batteries. In this research, a detailed study is presented, providing an environmental and economic assessment of the manufacturing of one specific lithium-ion battery chemistry. The relevance of parameters is pointed out, including the manufacturing place, the production volume, the commodity prices, and the energy density. The inventory is obtained by dismantling commercial cells. The correlation between the battery cost and the commodity price is much lower than the correlation between the battery cost and the production volume. The developed life cycle assessment concludes that the electricity mix that is used to power the battery factory is a key parameter for the impact of the battery manufacturing on climate change. To improve the battery manufacturing eco-efficiency, a high production capacity and an electricity mix with low carbon intensity are suggested. Optimizing the process by reducing the electricity consumption during the manufacturing is also suggested, and combined with higher pack energy density, the impact on climate change of the pack manufacturing is as low as 39.5 kg CO2 eq/kWh.

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Section: Positive Electrode Pastesupporting

confidence: 55%

Eco-Efficiency of a Lithium-Ion Battery for Electric Vehicles: Influence of Manufacturing Country and Commodity Prices on GHG Emissions and Costs

et al. 2019

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“…LiCoO 2 (LCO) has been the most investigated electrode material from the time of its earliest discovery by Goodenough et al [13]. However, despite its successful commercialization, LCO suffers from several drawbacks, e.g., structural degradation and oxygen release at highly de-lithiated states (Li 1−x CoO 2 where x > 0.5) [10,14] and low specific capacity of 140 mAh g −1 (i.e.,~half of the theoretical capacity, 274 mAh g −1 ) [15]. Besides, cobalt (Co) is very expensive and toxic, which leads to an increase in the carbon footprint of the cathode active materials [16].…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Degradation and Aging Routes of Ni-Rich Cathode Based Li-Ion Batteries

et al. 2020

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Driven by the increasing plea for greener transportation and efficient integration of renewable energy sources, Ni-rich metal layered oxides, namely NMC, Li [Ni1−x−yCoyMnz] O2 (x + y ≤ 0.4), and NCA, Li [Ni1−x−yCoxAly] O2, cathode materials have garnered huge attention for the development of Next-Generation lithium-ion batteries (LIBs). The impetus behind such huge celebrity includes their higher capacity and cost effectiveness when compared to the-state-of-the-art LiCoO2 (LCO) and other low Ni content NMC versions. However, despite all the beneficial attributes, the large-scale deployment of Ni-rich NMC based LIBs poses a technical challenge due to less stability of the cathode/electrolyte interphase (CEI) and diverse degradation processes that are associated with electrolyte decomposition, transition metal cation dissolution, cation–mixing, oxygen release reaction etc. Here, the potential degradation routes, recent efforts and enabling strategies for mitigating the core challenges of Ni-rich NMC cathode materials are presented and assessed. In the end, the review shed light on the perspectives for the future research directions of Ni-rich cathode materials.

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“…These categories are underlined in purple in Figure 8 to highlight them. The impact on FPMF originated from the crushing step of the nickel ore during the refining and excavation processes, thereby forming fine matter particles [65]. TA is impacted due to acid leaching stages implemented during the metal refining stages of nickel, which in turn results in the increased acid consumption and disposal [65].…”

Section: Contribution Analysismentioning

confidence: 99%

“…The impact on FPMF originated from the crushing step of the nickel ore during the refining and excavation processes, thereby forming fine matter particles [65]. TA is impacted due to acid leaching stages implemented during the metal refining stages of nickel, which in turn results in the increased acid consumption and disposal [65]. The increase seen for HNCT is related to the coproducts that are extracted during the leaching, such as cobalt, copper, and gases like SO2 and CO2.…”

Section: Contribution Analysismentioning

confidence: 99%

Environmental assessment of the near-net-shape electrochemical metallisation process and the Kroll-electron beam melting process for titanium manufacture

et al. 2020

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Investigation of the primary production routes of nickel and cobalt products used for Li-ion batteries

Cited by 82 publications

References 22 publications

Eco-Efficiency of a Lithium-Ion Battery for Electric Vehicles: Influence of Manufacturing Country and Commodity Prices on GHG Emissions and Costs

Eco-Efficiency of a Lithium-Ion Battery for Electric Vehicles: Influence of Manufacturing Country and Commodity Prices on GHG Emissions and Costs

Degradation and Aging Routes of Ni-Rich Cathode Based Li-Ion Batteries

Environmental assessment of the near-net-shape electrochemical metallisation process and the Kroll-electron beam melting process for titanium manufacture

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