Mass, Volume, Center of Mass, and Mass Moment of Inertia of Head and Head and Neck of Human Body

Biofidelic whole cervical spine model with muscle force replication for whiplash simulation

“…While the head mass measured from cadavers ranged between 2.8 and 5.8 kg [6,83], we chose the 3.3 kg mass for the following reason. We assumed that the donors (average age 70.8 years) of our specimens most likely expired Table 1 Muscle force replication parameters including the number of cables (n), spring stiffness, and cable pre-loads for the model in the neutral posture after prolonged illness and bed rest.…”

Spinal canal narrowing during simulated frontal impact

“…The specimens of the present study, with an average age of 71.3 years, were weaker than the population most likely to suffer frontal impact trauma. To ensure that no specimen was prematurely injured due to excessive head inertia loads, a 3.3 kg surrogate head mass was used, which was at the lower end of values measured from cadavers, ranging between 2.8 and 5.8 kg [4,48]. While spinal cord compression may be caused by soft tissue protrusions into the canal, it was not possible to track the displacements of the soft tissues using the rigid body analysis of the current study.…”

“…To prepare a specimen for frontal impact simulation, a surrogate head (mass 3.3 kg and sagittal plane moment of inertia 0.016 kg m 2 ) was rigidly attached to the occipital mount of the WCS model such that the surrogate head center of mass, relative to the spine specimen, corresponded with values measured from cadavers [4,48]. The surrogate head and spine were stabilized Fig.…”

Mass Distribution of the Human Body using Biostereometrics

“…This deficiency has been re-emphasized in a number of recent reviews, Clauser et al (1969), Liu and Wickstrom (1973), Walker et al (1973) Chandler etal. (1975, and .…”