“…The specimens of the present study, with an average age of 71.3 years, were weaker than the population most likely to suffer frontal impact trauma. To ensure that no specimen was prematurely injured due to excessive head inertia loads, a 3.3 kg surrogate head mass was used, which was at the lower end of values measured from cadavers, ranging between 2.8 and 5.8 kg [4,48]. While spinal cord compression may be caused by soft tissue protrusions into the canal, it was not possible to track the displacements of the soft tissues using the rigid body analysis of the current study.…”