Masculinity and Femininity: A Bipolar Construct and Independent Constructs

Abstract

The present investigation is a reanalysis of data from AntiU and Cunningham (1979, 1980, Marsh, Antill, & Cunningham, 1987 consisting of responses to five masculinity-femimnity (MF) instruments, two self-esteem instruments, and two social desirability scales Correlations between M and F for the five instruments vaned from 23 to approximately -1 0, support for distinguishable (nonbipolar) M and F factors was found for four of the instruments Applying confirmatory factor analysis (CFA) and hierarchical CFA (HCFA), the present study examined the dimensionality of MF and the influence of method/ halo effects m response to specific instruments The best fitting model identified three higher order factors, in support of traditional personality theones one factor was a bipolar MF construct, but m support of androgyny theory the other two factors were distinguishable M and F factors The factor structures were reasonably lnvanant for men and women, and methodological implications of this important finding were examined In subsequent analyses, the higher order MF factors were related to self-esteem, social desirability, and gender in order to further test interpretations of the MF factors

Affective Commitment to Change and Innovation Implementation Behavior: The Role of Charismatic Leadership and Employees’ Trust in Top Management

“…This approach is appropriate if: (a) the control variables are theoretically justified; (b) the model complexity is not overstressed; and (c) the sample size is ample (Fletcher et al, 2006). Further, an approach described by Marsh et al (1989) was utilized and resorted items randomly into item parcels, to gain an adequate sample size to parameter ratio. A x 2 /df ratio test, a root mean square error of approximation (RMSEA) index, and a comparative fit index (CFI) were all used to assess the fit of the different models to the data.…”

Gender Roles and Empathic Accuracy: The Role of Communion in Reading Minds

“…For example, in research relating gender roles to self-esteem, Marsh et al (1987Marsh et al ( , 1989 included measures of social desirability in order to control for possible effects of response bias. They concluded that social desirability was an important factor that should be taken into account, and also found that social desirability was consistently related to communion.…”

Is Sexual Attraction Independent of the Instrumental and Expressive Traits?

“…The Bem Sex Role Inventory (BSRI, Bem, 1974). In order to evaluate the instrumental and expressive traits, we chose the BSRI from among other instruments because internationally it is the most extensively used scale (Beere, 1990), despite some conceptual and methodological criticisms (Marsh, Antill, & Cunningham, 1989;Spence, 1991). However, at present, this scale operationalizes the instrumentality/masculinity and expressiveness/femininity traits better than any other.…”