“…On the other hand, a recent study with a sample of young conscripts in Brazil, mostly heterosexual men, has found that 85% of the participants had never been tested for HIV and that anticipated HIV stigma was associated with delay in HIV testing [30] . Altogether, these findings can be partially explained by cultural and gender norms that prevail in Brazil, hegemonic masculinity is often associated with men's risky behavior (feelings of invulnerability), which include alcohol and drug use, pleasure seeking, lack of self-care, and denial of health information and services 31 , 32 , 33 , 34 . Nonetheless, heterosexual men are often left out of HIV prevention and care policies and programs [ 31 , 34 ].…”