Market for Carbon Fibres and Composites Based on them. A review

Sidorina, A. I.; Gunyaeva, A.G.

doi:10.1007/s10692-017-9787-9

Cited by 8 publications

(5 citation statements)

References 2 publications

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“…The carbon fiber reinforced composites (CFRP) market is progressively growing [1,2]. The increasing needs of CFRPs for construction, automotive, and (aero-) space fields raise the necessity of improving interfacial properties [3].…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Applying Machine Learning to Nanoindentation Data of (Nano-) Enhanced Composites

Koumoulos

Konstantopoulos

Charitidis

2019

Fibers

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Carbon fiber reinforced polymers (CFRPs) are continuously gaining attention in aerospace and space applications, and especially their multi-scale reinforcement with nanoadditives. Carbon nanotubes (CNTs), graphene, carbon nanofibers (CNFs), and their functionalized forms are often incorporated into interactive systems to engage specific changes in the environment of application to a smart response. Structural integrity of these nanoscale reinforced composites is assessed with advanced characterization techniques, with the most prominent being nanoindentation testing. Nanoindentation is a well-established technique, which enables quantitative mapping of nanomechanical properties with the µm surficial and nm indentation resolution scale and high precision characterization. This feature enables the characterization of the interface in a statistical and quantitative manner and the correlation of (nano-) reinforcement to interface properties of CFRPs. Identification of reinforcement is performed with k-Nearest Neighbors and Support Vector Machine classification algorithms. Expertise is necessary to describe the physical problem and create representative training/testing datasets. Development of open source Machine Learning algorithms can have an influential impact on uniformity of nanometry data creation and management. The statistical character of nanoindentation is a key factor to supply information on heterogeneity of multiscale reinforced composites. Both the identification of (nano-) reinforcement and quality assessment of composites are provided by involving artificial intelligence.

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Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Applying Machine Learning to Nanoindentation Data of (Nano-) Enhanced Composites

Koumoulos

Konstantopoulos

Charitidis

2019

Fibers

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“…For the carbon fibre production, representative data of industrial process including polyacrylonitrile (PAN) production and relative flows are used [ 70 ]. As Japan is the main global supplier of CF and PAN precursor production [ 71 ], the corresponding production processes were modelled using the Japanese electricity grid mix, because this is where 70% of global production takes place [ 72 ]. A prior pre-treatment to reduce the size of composite waste is required before any other waste treatment, thus an industrial shredder consuming 0.27 MJ/kg was assumed [ 55 ].…”

Section: Methodsmentioning

confidence: 99%

End-of-Life Recycling Options of (Nano)Enhanced CFRP Composite Prototypes Waste—A Life Cycle Perspective

Petrakli¹,

Gkika²,

Bonou³

et al. 2020

Polymers

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Life cycle assessment is a methodology to assess environmental impacts associated with a product or system/process by accounting resource requirements and emissions over its life cycle. The life cycle consists of four stages: material production, manufacturing, use, and end-of-life. This study highlights the need to conduct life cycle assessment (LCA) early in the new product development process, as a means to assess and evaluate the environmental impacts of (nano)enhanced carbon fibre-reinforced polymer (CFRP) prototypes over their entire life cycle. These prototypes, namely SleekFast sailing boat and handbrake lever, were manufactured by functionalized carbon fibre fabric and modified epoxy resin with multi-walled carbon nanotubes (MWCNTs). The environmental impacts of both have been assessed via LCA with a functional unit of ‘1 product piece’. Climate change has been selected as the key impact indicator for hotspot identification (kg CO2 eq). Significant focus has been given to the end-of-life phase by assessing different recycling scenarios. In addition, the respective life cycle inventories (LCIs) are provided, enabling the identification of resource hot spots and quantifying the environmental benefits of end-of-life options.

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“…The features of high mechanical properties, high stiffness, high electrical and thermal conductivity, almost unsurpassable thermal stability and flame retardancy, as well as ease of processability, mean that CFs are ideal to serve a wide variety of applications [1][2][3][4][5]. Thus, it is not surprising that the CFs market has an annual growth of about 10%, mainly in the form of composites, and this trend is expected to continue in the forthcoming years [6,7]. Moreover, the CF engineering field is still fruitful for advances towards the theoretical maximum value of tensile strength of 180 GPa derived by carbon-carbon interaction.…”

Section: Carbon Fibers Overviewmentioning

confidence: 99%

Impact of Alternative Stabilization Strategies for the Production of PAN-Based Carbon Fibers with High Performance

Soulis

Konstantopoulos

Koumoulos

et al. 2020

Fibers

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The aim of this work is to review a possible correlation of composition, thermal processing, and recent alternative stabilization technologies to the mechanical properties. The chemical microstructure of polyacrylonitrile (PAN) is discussed in detail to understand the influence in thermomechanical properties during stabilization by observing transformation from thermoplastic to ladder polymer. In addition, relevant literature data are used to understand the comonomer composition effect on mechanical properties. Technologies of direct fiber heating by irradiation have been recently involved and hold promise to enhance performance, reduce processing time and energy consumption. Carbon fiber manufacturing can provide benefits by using higher comonomer ratios, similar to textile grade or melt-spun PAN, in order to cut costs derived from an acrylonitrile precursor, without suffering in regard to mechanical properties. Energy intensive processes of stabilization and carbonization remain a challenging field of research in order to reduce both environmental impact and cost of the wide commercialization of carbon fibers (CFs) to enable their broad application.

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Market for Carbon Fibres and Composites Based on them. A review

Cited by 8 publications

References 2 publications

Applying Machine Learning to Nanoindentation Data of (Nano-) Enhanced Composites

Applying Machine Learning to Nanoindentation Data of (Nano-) Enhanced Composites

End-of-Life Recycling Options of (Nano)Enhanced CFRP Composite Prototypes Waste—A Life Cycle Perspective

Impact of Alternative Stabilization Strategies for the Production of PAN-Based Carbon Fibers with High Performance

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