New electrically conducting copolymers based on biphenyl and thiophene in a form of film were synthesized by electropolymerization using potentiostatic conditions and the corresponding homopolymers, polyphenylenes, and polythiophenes, for comparison reasons. Different values of applied potential were used, to study its effect on the structure, morphology, and electrical conductivity of the films. From the analysis of the current-time curves, it was found that the growth of the films follows layer by layer (2D) mechanism. The films were studied by FTIR, TGA, XRD, SEM-EDAX and their electrical conductivity was determined, as well as their energy gap (E g ) by cyclic voltammetry. The copolymers had higher conductivity (appr. 1 S/cm) and lower E g (appr. 1.2 eV) than that of the corresponding homopolymers. These materials due to their high conductivity, high stability under repetitive potential cycling, and partial solubility are candidates for electronic applications.

PAN fibres, consisting of poly[acrylonitrile-co-(methyl acrylate)], were oxidatively heat treated at low temperatures (up to 180 • C), during which the basic macromolecular backbone was not cyclized. The change of length of the fibres was determined under various treatment conditions (ie temperature, time, stress applied). Prolonged heat treatment resulted in lower tensile strength of the fibres. The pristine and treated fibres were characterized by Fourier-transform infrared (FTIR), NMR and UV-visible spectroscopy and by TGA, and the results were used for representing the different regions according to chemical aspects in a plot of temperature versus time; this is very important for the whole treatment process. A shrinkage model was proposed, having both scientific and technical importance. The change in activation volume of shrinkage of fibres with temperature, calculated from this model, is indicative of the physical transitions taking place at the molecular scale.

It has been established that the most important step in the production of carbon fibres from polyacrylonitrile (PAN) precursor fibres is the oxidative thermal treatment applied. During this treatment, physical phenomena and chemical reactions take place accompanied by the shrinkage of the fibres, which has a physical or chemical origin, depending on the nitrile cyclization reactions. The aim of the present study is to establish a correlation between the chemical shrinkage of PAN fibres and the kinetics of cyclization reactions. Based on the isothermal treatment of PAN fibres, we developed a method in order to distinguish between physical and chemical shrinkages. The onset time for the chemical shrinkage follows a relationship with temperature. Chemical shrinkage versus cyclization time data were fitted with the exponential rise to the maximum of the curves. Furthermore, the cyclization kinetics was studied using differential scanning calorimetry and the kinetic parameters determined were identical to those calculated from the chemical shrinkage, demonstrating that the latter is directly related to the kinetics of the cyclization reactions. It was therefore concluded that according to the method developed to distinguish the physical from the chemical shrinkages: (1) there exists a certain onset time for a given treatment temperature to trigger the chemical shrinkage; (2) cyclization reactions do not start below a limiting temperature of 168 • C; (3) at 340 • C, the temperature where the cyclization reactions are completed, the maximum shrinkage is 24%; and (4) the oxidized PAN fibres contain mainly ladder polymer structures with approximately symmetrical sequences connected in angled positions.

Unsaturated polyesters were synthesized based on ethylene glycol and maleic acid as unsaturated dicarboxylic acid, using a variety of saturated acids in the initial acid mixture, without or with different catalysts. The curing of the polyesters produced with styrene was studied using differential scanning calorimetry (DSC) under dynamic‐ and isothermal‐heating conditions. The FTIR spectra of the initial polyesters and cured polyesters were also determined. Curing is not complete at the end of DSC scan and the unreacted bonds were quantitatively determined from the FTIR spectra and by estimation based on literature data. The value of the mean degree of conversion (α) of all double bonds (styrene unit and maleate unit) was approximately α = 0.40. Using an appropriate kinetic model for the curing exotherm of polyesters, the activation energy (Ea), the reaction order (x) and the frequency factor (ko) were determined. Because the kinetic parameters (ie Ea, k, x) affect the kinetics in various different ways, the curves of degree of conversion versus time at various isothermal conditions are more useful to compare and characterize the curing of polyesters. The kinetic parameters are mainly influenced by the proportion of maleic acid in the polyesterification reaction mixture and secondarily by the residual polyesterification catalyst. The degree of conversion of already crosslinked polyesters is greatly increased by post‐curing them at elevated temperature and for a prolonged time. © 2002 Society of Chemical Industry

Poly(p‐phenylene) (H‐PPP), which is one of the firstly investigated conducting polymer, has the disadvantage of difficult processability because it is infusible and insoluble. The use of biphenyl instead of benzene leads to ortho‐, meta‐, para‐polyphenylenes (H‐PP) which are more soluble and easier to be processed, however their electrical conductivity is lower. Copolymers of polyphenylenes (C1 and C2) and corresponding homopolymers (H‐PPP and H‐PP) were produced by the oxidative cationic polymerization of benzene and/or biphenyl. The soluble (‐S) and the insoluble (‐I) in chlorobenzene polyphenylenes were separated (H‐PP‐I, H‐PP‐S, C1‐I, C1‐S, C2‐I, and C2‐S) and they were doped with a solution of FeCl3. All polyphenylenes were studied by FTIR, XRD, TGA, and their electrical conductivity with constant current was determined. Pronounced differences between the copolymers and the homopolymers were observed, indicating the different structure of the former. The values of the electrical conductivity of doped insoluble copolymers (10−4 and 10−5 S/cm) are between that of H‐PPP (10−3 S/cm) and H‐PP‐I (10−6 S/cm). The values of the electrical conductivity of doped soluble copolymers (10−5 S/cm) are considerably higher than that of H‐PP‐S (10−9 S/cm). The new electrically conductive polyphenylenes that were produced differ significantly from the corresponding homopolymers and combine good electrical conductivity and solubility. © 2008 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. J Appl Polym Sci, 2008