Marine organisms: Pioneer natural sources of polysaccharides/proteins for green synthesis of nanoparticles and their potential applications

Abstract

Current innovations in the marine bionanotechnology arena are supporting and stimulating developments in other fields, including nanomedicine, pharmaceuticals, sensors, environmental trends, food, and agriculture aspects. Many oceanic creatures, particularly algae, plants, bacteria, yeast, fungi, cyanobacteria, actinomyces, invertebrates, animals and sponges can survive under extreme circumstances. They can biogenerate a broad spectrum of phytochemicals/metabolites, including proteins, peptides, alkaloids, flavonoids, polyphenols, carbohydrate polymers, polysaccharides, sulfated polysaccharides, polysaccharide-protein complexes such as carrageenan, fucoidanase, fucoidan, carboxymethyl cellulose, poly-γ-glutamic acid, sugar residues with proteins, melanin, haemocyanin, etc). These products exhibit exclusive advantages that offer pioneering roles in the ecofriendly fabrication of several nanoparticles (NPs) i.e., Ag, Au, Ru, Fe 2 O 3 , Cobalt (III) Oxide (Co 2 O 3 ), ZnO and Ag@AgCl within a single phase. Importantly, marine organisms can biosynthesize NPs in two modes, namely extracellular and intracellular. Biosynthesized NPs can be characterized using various methodologies among them, ultraviolet-visible spectroscopy, fourier transform infrared spectroscopy, transmission electron microscopy, X-ray diffraction, scanning electron microscopy, and energy-dispersive X-ray spectroscopy. Taken together, this review focuses on the green synthesis of metallic, metallic oxides and nonmetallic NPs utilizing extracts/derivatives from marine organisms based on eco-friendly green biogenic procedures. Moreover, significant attention is given to the medicinal and industrial importance of such marine organisms mediated NPs.

Gracilariopsis lemaneiformis Polysaccharide Attenuates D-Galactose–Induced Aging of Mice by Regulating Oxidative Stress and Gut Microbiota

“…Carbohydrates are widely distributed in animals, plants, and microorganisms. In addition to being components of animal and plant cell walls and nutrients stored in tissues, many carbohydrates perform special biological activities and have been widely used in food, chemicals, medicines, health products, and so on (Yosri et al, 2021). Many polysaccharides from marine organisms perform excellent anti-aging activities (Wang et al, 2021).…”

Marine-Bioinspired Nanoparticles as Potential Drugs for Multiple Biological Roles

“…Current research and innovation in marine science are contributing to the exponential growth of numerous sectors, including pharmaceuticals, environmental trends, nanomedicine, and food [ 14 ]. The ocean covers around 70–71% of the earth’s surface [ 34 ].…”

“…Currently, the marine environment paves the way for numerous antibacterial, antifungal, and antiviral compounds. Seaweeds, bacteria, and fungus are possible sources for combating infectious diseases [ 14 , 38 ]. According to prior research, the market for marine-derived compounds has surpassed 10 billion USD [ 39 ].…”

“…The potential biological activity of marine organisms stems from communication and defensive systems in their natural habitat [ 13 ]. Many possible antimicrobial applications from marine sources have been investigated [ 14 ].…”

Cryoprotective Roles of Carboxymethyl Chitosan during the Frozen Storage of Surimi: Protein Structures, Gel Behaviors and Edible Qualities

“…Given the unexpected taste or high caloric values of commercial cryoprotectants, such as sugars, polyols, and phosphates [11], research interest shifted to other natural additives derived from food proteins and saccharides. Among which, oligosaccharides, i.e., carrageenan oligomer [12], cellobiose [13], and konjac oligo-glucomannan [14] etc., have drawn particular attentions owing to their pronounced health benefits and consumer acceptability [15].…”