Marijuana withdrawal among adults seeking treatment for marijuana dependence

Budney, Alan J.; Novy, Pamela L.; Hughes, John R.

doi:10.1046/j.1360-0443.1999.94913114.x

Cited by 324 publications

(292 citation statements)

References 13 publications

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Section: Nih-pa Author Manuscriptmentioning

confidence: 97%

“…In the laboratory, marijuana withdrawal is alleviated by the resumption of marijuana smoking or by THC administration, demonstrating the pharmacological specificity of withdrawal (Haney et al, 1999b(Haney et al, , 2004Hart et al, 2002). Clinically, marijuana smokers report using marijuana to alleviate withdrawal symptoms (Budney et al, 1999), suggesting withdrawal contributes to relapse and the maintenance of marijuana use.Since pharmacologically treating withdrawal improves treatment outcome for nicotine dependence (see Shiffman et al, 2000) and opiate dependence (Dole, 1988), we have conducted a series of laboratory studies testing the effects of medications on symptoms of marijuana withdrawal. Maintenance on two medications, the antidepressant, bupropion (Haney et al, 2001), and the mood stabilizer, divalproex (Haney et al, 2004), significantly worsened mood during marijuana withdrawal compared to placebo, suggesting that they would not show promise as treatment approaches.…”

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confidence: 97%

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Effects of THC and lofexidine in a human laboratory model of marijuana withdrawal and relapse

et al. 2007

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Individuals seeking treatment for their marijuana use rarely achieve sustained abstinence.Objectives-To determine if THC, a cannabinoid agonist, and lofexidine, an α 2 -adrenergic receptor agonist, given alone and in combination, decreased symptoms of marijuana withdrawal and relapse, defined as a return to marijuana use after a period of abstinence.Methods-Nontreatment-seeking, male volunteers (n=8), averaging 12 marijuana cigarettes/day, were maintained on each of four medication conditions for 7 days: placebo, THC (60 mg/day), lofexidine (2.4 mg/day), and THC (60 mg/day) combined with lofexidine (2.4 mg/day); each inpatient phase was separated by an outpatient washout phase. During the first 3 inpatient days, placebo marijuana was available for self-administration (withdrawal). For the next 4 days, active marijuana was available for self-administration (relapse). Participants paid for self-administered marijuana using study earnings. Self-administration, mood, task performance, food intake and sleep were measured.Results-THC reversed the anorexia and weight loss associated with marijuana withdrawal, and decreased a subset of withdrawal symptoms, but increased sleep onset latency, and did not decrease marijuana relapse. Lofexidine was sedating, worsened abstinence-related anorexia, and did not robustly attenuate withdrawal, but improved sleep and decreased marijuana relapse. The combination of lofexidine and THC produced the most robust improvements in sleep, and decreased marijuana withdrawal, craving and relapse in daily marijuana smokers relative to either medication alone.Conclusions-These data suggest the combination of lofexidine and THC warrant further testing as a potential treatment for marijuana dependence. KeywordsMarinol; Britlofex; dependence; withdrawal; treatment; cannabinoid; norepinephrine Marijuana use is prevalent in American society, and the number of individuals who currently meet DSM-IV criteria for cannabis abuse or dependence has steadily increased since the 1990s (Compton et al., 2004). Although marijuana is less likely to produce dependence than drugs such as nicotine, alcohol or heroin (Anthony et al., 1994), the sheer number of marijuana smokers combined with the increasing potency of marijuana has NIH Public AccessAuthor Manuscript Psychopharmacology (Berl). Author manuscript; available in PMC 2012 June 12.Published in final edited form as:Psychopharmacology (Berl). 2008 March ; 197(1): 157-168. doi:10.1007/s00213-007-1020-8. NIH-PA Author ManuscriptNIH-PA Author Manuscript NIH-PA Author Manuscript resulted in a significant number of individuals developing cannabis use disorders, i.e., approximately 1.5% of the U.S. population (Compton et al., 2004).A number of studies have demonstrated that there is a personal (i.e., not court-mandated) demand for marijuana treatment, particularly when marijuana-specific treatment programs are offered (Roffman et al., 1988;Stephens et al., 1993;Lang et al., 2000). Treatmentseekers report distress about their marijuana use, and repeatedly ...

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Section: Nih-pa Author Manuscriptmentioning

confidence: 97%

mentioning

confidence: 97%

Effects of THC and lofexidine in a human laboratory model of marijuana withdrawal and relapse

et al. 2007

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“…Participants identified as daily cannabis users on the TLFB, and who last used cannabis more than 5 h previously, were administered a modified, interviewer-rated version of the Cannabis Withdrawal Checklist (Budney et al 1999) to rule out the presence of cannabis withdrawal syndrome. No participants met criteria for cannabis withdrawal syndrome.…”

Section: Participantsmentioning

confidence: 99%

Association of abnormal semantic processing with delusion-like ideation in frequent cannabis users: an electrophysiological study

et al. 2012

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Rationale-Frequent cannabis use is a risk marker for schizophrenia and delusions, but the neurocognitive mechanisms of this relationship remain unclear.Objectives-We sought evidence that cannabis users have deficits in processing relationships between meaningful stimuli, similar to abnormalities reported in schizophrenia, and that these deficits are associated with delusion-like ideation. We used the N400 event-related brain potential (ERP) waveform as a neurophysiological probe of activation of concepts in semantic memory. We hypothesized that cannabis users would exhibit larger (more negative) than normal N400 amplitudes in response to stimuli meaningfully related to a preceding prime-reflecting deficient activation of concepts related to the prime. We further hypothesized that the magnitude of this abnormality would correlate with severity of delusion-like ideation.Methods-We recorded ERPs in 24 frequent cannabis users and 24 non-using comparison participants who viewed prime words followed by targets which were either words related or unrelated to the prime or pronounceable non-words. The participants' task was to indicate whether the target was a word. Delusion-like ideation was measured via the Schizotypal Personality Questionnaire.Results-Contrary to our hypothesis, cannabis users exhibited smaller than normal N400s to both related and unrelated targets. These abnormalities correlated with delusion-like ideation in cannabis users only. Conclusions-The results are consistent with a generalized abnormality of activation within semantic memory neural networks in cannabis users. Further research is needed to investigate whether such an abnormality plays a role in the development of delusion-like ideation in cannabis users.

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“…Budney et al 13 verificaram que 44% dos dependentes de maconha referiam craving severo por essa substância, podendo este impactar negativamente o curso clínico e o sucesso do tratamento dessa população, o que indica a relevância de se ter instrumentos validados para mensurar tal constructo.…”

Section: Resultsunclassified

Marijuana Craving Questionnaire (MCQ-SF/Versão Brasil): validação semântica

Pedroso

Castro²,

Araújo

2009

J. bras. psiquiatr.

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resumo objetivo: O objetivo deste estudo foi realizar tradução e adaptação transcultural do Marijuana Craving Questionnaire (MCQ-SF) 10 , que avalia o craving por maconha em uma amostra brasileira. método: O MCQ-SF foi traduzido do inglês para o português, aplicado em 10 sujeitos, submetido ao brainstorming num grupo de três indivíduos para reprodução individual e verbal, item a item. Realizou-se o back-translation, uma versão para o idioma de origem, a partir da primeira tradução e do brainstorming. Logo após, traduziu-se novamente para o português. Um comitê de juízes especialistas analisou todas as traduções. resultados: Após as considerações do comitê e um estudo-piloto com 30 sujeitos, a versão final do MCQ-SF/Versão Brasil foi construída. conclusão: Os resultados demonstraram uma equivalência semântica satisfatória entre as versões. O MCQ-SF/Versão Brasil pode ser útil para avaliar o craving pela maconha nos dependentes dessa substância.

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Marijuana withdrawal among adults seeking treatment for marijuana dependence

Cited by 324 publications

References 13 publications

Effects of THC and lofexidine in a human laboratory model of marijuana withdrawal and relapse

Effects of THC and lofexidine in a human laboratory model of marijuana withdrawal and relapse

Association of abnormal semantic processing with delusion-like ideation in frequent cannabis users: an electrophysiological study

Marijuana Craving Questionnaire (MCQ-SF/Versão Brasil): validação semântica

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