“…Six types of provisioning services including crops, timber, energy, freshwater, biological products, and mineral resources; five types of regulating services including climate regulation, air quality regulation, water purification, erosion regulation, nature disaster regulation, and pollination while six types of cultural services consisting of leisure entertainment, landscape aesthetics, knowledge and education, cultural inheritance, and natural heritage were selected in this study. Then, the ES supply matrix (Figure 3) and demand matrix (Figure 4) were established, of which each key ES was assigned and calculate based on existing findings and expert knowledge (Burkhard et al, 2012;Wu et al, 2018;Liu et al, 2019a;Ji et al, 2020;Peng et al, 2020a;Cao et al, 2021). Finally, the ES supply, demand, and budgets were mapped based on the expert-based matrix and land use data.…”