Mangrove cluster as adaptation pattern of mangrove ecosystem in Segara Anakan Lagoon

Abstract

Segara Anakan Lagoon (SAL) as the specific ecosystem is arranged by the mangrove ecosystem and lagoon ecosystem. The mangrove ecosystem in SAL needs high adaptation to reduce the impact of water tide, water inundation, water salinity, and other factors. This research aimed to analyze mangrove clustering in Segara Anakan Lagoon. The method of this research used Hierarchical Clustering Methods based on mangrove density to analyze cluster adaptation of the mangrove ecosystem. The result showed that (1) The mangrove density (diameter > 4 cm) to analysis mangrove clustering showed that East Segara Anakan had density between 900 – 5425 trees ha-1 (low-very high density ) and West Segara Anakan had density between 133 – 3.367 (low – high density). (2) the mangrove clustering showed that West Segara Anakan had three clusters. The first cluster was arranged by clustering of stations {((15.18),(9.17),(3.6)),8)); ((1.2),5)}. The second cluster was arranged by clustering of stations {(((4.10),14,12))}. And the third cluster was arranged by clustering of stations{(((11.20)16));(7.19))}. (b) East Segara Anakan also was formed by three clusters were the first cluster was formed by clustering of stations (2-(((4, 13), 6) ((1.12), ((4.13) ((5.10) (7.11)))) The second cluster was arranged by clustering of stations (9; ((8.15), (19, (20.21)))) The third cluster was formed by clustering of stations (18 (17, (14,16))).

Survival and growth rates of mangroves planted in vertical and horizontal aquaponic systems in North Jakarta, Indonesia

“…The area had water temperature between 25.0-30.5 o C, water salinity between 6.0-7.5 ppt, water pH of 5.0-6.4, soil pH between 6.0-7.0 with a muddy clay texture, soil nitrate of 11.5-14.5 mg/l, soil phosphate between 8.2-16.0 mg/l and soil pyrite of 1.0-3.0%. This data is not different from Hilmi et al (2021a) which reported that the mangrove ecosystem in Segara Anakan had physical and chemical properties of soil nitrate between 10.0-22.0 mg/l, soil pH between 5.7-6.92, soil texture of clay, loam, loamy clay, mud and mud clay, soil phosphate between 6.85-17.65 mg/l, soil pyrite between 1.03-3.10%, water pH between 5.6-7.07, and water salinity between 0-40 ppt. These conditions show that both studied sites on the north coast of Jakarta and Segara Anakan had a similarity of environmental factors to support mangrove growth.…”

“…Therefore, the environmental data (salinity, pH, nitrate, phosphate, and soil texture) suggest that the studied area in north Jakarta had good suitability for supporting mangrove growth (Abdelhakeem et al 2016;Barreto et al 2016;Hilmi et al 2020;Hilmi et al 2017a;Hilmi et al 2021b;Tam et al 2009). Based on the salinity level, the water studied on the north coast of Jakarta could be defined as brackish water (Djohan 2012;Hilmi et al 2021a;Kusmana and Maulina 2015;Wang et al 2019). Furthermore, the data of nitrate and phosphate also indicated that the mangrove ecosystem had good fertility to support mangrove growth (Sharafatmandrad and Mashizi 2020).…”

“…High and permanent water inundation in direct planting systems caused high mortality, stunting growth, lower biodiversity and trigger of species domination. Nur and Hilmi (2021) and Hilmi et al (2021a) explained that tidal waves and water inundation primarily affect mangrove growth. Water inundation is caused by water dynamics occurring due to river discharge and tidal waves (Hilmi et al 2017a;Suhendra et al 2018).…”

“…This mangrove ecosystem has irreplaceable ecosystem services, for example, as the buffer to mitigate the risk of coastal disasters, including tsunamis (Giri et al 2015;Hilmi 2018;Nur and Hilmi 2021;Suhendra et al 2018), tidal flooding (Krauss and Allen 2003;Ysebaert et al 2016) and land subsidence (Bomer et al 2020;van Wesenbeeck et al 2015), and serve as the habitat of aquatic organisms (Abubakar et al 2018;Masni et al 2016), as well as improving other ecosystem services (Duncan et al 2016) by reducing wave energy and sediment stabilization (Ndirangu et al 2017). In addition, the mangrove ecosystem in the northern coast of Jakarta has a specific affinity (Hilmi et al 2021b), specific adaptation to reduce the impact of water inundation and flooding, pollution, salinity, and soil texture (Andriyani et al 2020;Barreto et al 2016;Hilmi et al 2017a;Hilmi et al 2021a;Tam et al 2009).…”

Short Communication: Structure and composition of mangrove vegetation in Lembar bay area, West Lombok District, Indonesia

“…Meanwhile, according to Priosambodo et al (2019), Composition and structure of mangrove vegetation in Tamo rocky cliff beach Majene West Sulawesi dominated by monoculture stake of R. stylosa which is an important value index range between 182.90 -300. Sari et al (2021). The mangrove forests in Jakarta Bay have an average Important Value Index (IVI) for all levels of life stage 95.7 with the mangrove forests were dominated by A. marina, Avicennia lanata, R. apiculata, Sonneratia caseolaris, and S. alba.…”