Management of Select Bacterial and Parasitic Conditions of Raptors

Willette, Michelle; Ponder, Julia; Cruz-Martinez, Luis; Arent, Lori; Bueno, Irene; Francisco, Olga Nicolas de; Redig, Patrick T.

doi:10.1016/j.cvex.2009.06.006

Cited by 28 publications

(17 citation statements)

References 76 publications

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“…Many parasitic pathogens of birds of prey are opportunistic and can be easily managed or averted with proper preventive measures related to captive management, husbandry and diet, and veterinary care (Morishita 1997, Morishita et al 1998, Deem 1999, Freitas et al 2002, Joseph 2006, Willette et al 2009). The knowledge of parasites commonly found in raptors contributes and help ensure prompt, appropriate and judicious control measures (Baker et al 1996, Joseph 2006, Silva et al 2009, Willette et al 2009).…”

Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 99%

“…The knowledge of parasites commonly found in raptors contributes and help ensure prompt, appropriate and judicious control measures (Baker et al 1996, Joseph 2006, Silva et al 2009, Willette et al 2009). Despite this, there are limited studies about the parasites of raptors in Latin America.…”

Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 99%

“…In addition to ethical obligations to preserve parasite assemblages along with their more favored hosts, the maintenance of established host-parasite relations may be important for the overall well-being of the host species, both at an individual (maintenance of immunity) and at a population level (maintenance of genetic diversity) (Daszak et al 2000, Cunningham et al 2003. For some researchers, some raptors parasites are opportunistic, thereby captive infected birds should be treated (Morishita 1997, Deem 1999, Morishita et al 2001, Joseph 2006, Willette et al 2009). …”

Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 99%

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Health of an ex situ population of raptors (Falconiformes and Strigiformes) in Mexico: diagnosis of internal parasites

Santos¹,

Oliveira²,

Vaughan³

et al. 2010

RBT

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Successful programs for ex situ and in situ conservation and management of raptors require detailed knowledge about their pathogens. The purpose of this study was to identify the internal parasites of some captive raptors in Mexico, as well as to verify their impact in the health status of infected birds. Birds of prey were confiscated and kept in captivity at the Centro de Investigación y Conservación de Vida Silvestre (CIVS) in Los Reyes La Paz, Mexico State. For this, fecal and blood samples from 74 birds of prey (66 Falconiformes and eight Strigiformes) of 15 species, juveniles and adults from both sexes (39 males and 35 female), were examined for the presence of gastrointestinal and blood parasites. Besides, the oropharyngeal cavity was macroscopically examined for the presence of lesions compatible with trichomoniasis. Among our results we found that lesions compatible with Trichomonas gallinae infection were detected only in two Red-tailed hawks (Buteo jamaicensis) (2.7%); nevertheless, infected birds were in good physical condition. Overall, gastrointestinal parasites were found in 10 (13.5%) raptors: nine falconiforms (13.6%) and one strigiform (12.5%), which mainly presented a single type of gastrointestinal parasite (90%). Eimeria spp. was detected in Harris's hawk (Parabuteo unicinctus), Swainson's hawk (Buteo swainsoni), Red-tailed hawk (B. jamaicensis) and Great horned owl (Bubo virginianus); whereas trematodes eggs were found in Peregrine falcon (Falco peregrinus) and Swainson's hawk (B. swainsoni). Furthermore, eggs of Capillaria spp. were found in one Swainson's hawk (B. swainsoni), which was also infected by trematodes. Hemoprotozoarian were detected in five (6.7%) falconiforms: Haemoproteus spp. in American kestrel (F. sparverius) and Leucocytozoon spp. in Red-tailed hawk (B. jamaicencis). Despite this, no clinical signs referable to gastrointestinal or blood parasite infection were observed in any birds. All parasites identified were recorded for the first time in raptors from Mexico. Furthermore, this represents the first report for T. gallinae, trematodes, Haemoproteus spp. and Leucocytozoon spp. in raptors from Latin America. Diagnosis and control of parasitic infections should be a part of the routine in health care evaluations for ex situ raptor populations. Finally, this information is also valuable for in situ conservation actions on these birds. Rev. Biol. Trop. 59 (3): 1265-1274. Epub 2011 September 01.

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Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 99%

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Health of an ex situ population of raptors (Falconiformes and Strigiformes) in Mexico: diagnosis of internal parasites

Santos¹,

Oliveira²,

Vaughan³

et al. 2010

RBT

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“…All these conditions can cause moderate to severe nonspecific respiratory signs and require a rapid and accurate diagnosis. [21][22][23][24] Instruments such as biopsy or grasping forceps can be used to retrieve foreign bodies or debride Aspergillus granulomas, following a single or multiple attempts, depending on the size and consistency of the material/tissue. An operating sheath is not commonly used in these situations because of the small tracheal diameter; therefore, the forceps must run along the side of the endoscope in a parallel fashion to reach the material of interest.…”

Section: Tracheoscopymentioning

confidence: 99%

The Value of Endoscopy in a Wildlife Raptor Service

Desmarchelier

Ferrell²

2015

Veterinary Clinics of North America: Exotic Animal Practice

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“…1 Because pigeons are commonly fed to captive raptors, trichomonosis remains a disease of concern for raptors in captivity. 12 This disease has been reported in both rural and urban populations of raptors including owls, hawks, and eagles. 8,9,12 This study documents a Trichomonas vaginalis-like isolate from a clinically healthy American bald eagle (Haliaeetus leucocephalus).…”

Section: Brief Communicationmentioning

confidence: 99%

DETECTION AND CHARACTERIZATION OF ATRICHOMONASISOLATE FROM A REHABILITATED BALD EAGLE (HALIAEETUS LEUCOCEPHALUS)

Kelly-Clark

McBurney

Forzán

et al. 2013

Journal of Zoo and Wildlife Medicine

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A hatching-year bald eagle (Haliaeetus leucocephalus) was presented for clinical examination after being found unable to fly. Upon admission, routine wet-mount microscopy detected no trichomonads. Five months later, oral cavity inspection found no abnormalities, but the eagle was swabbed for research on trichomonosis in maritime birds. The swab was used to inoculate an InPouch TF culture and trichomonads were visible within 24 hr. Genotyping (ITS) revealed a Trichomonas isolate that was 100% identical to an isolate from a bearded vulture (Gypaetus barbatus) from the Czech Republic. The eagle was treated with metronidazole (50 mg/kg q 12h PO for 5 consecutive days). Following treatment, the eagle was swabbed and the inoculated InPouch TF culture was monitored daily for 1 wk. No trichomonads were observed. Rehabilitation centers interested in surveillance should consider combining the InPouch TF technique with clinical inspection of live birds to confirm trichomonosis and for future research.

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Management of Select Bacterial and Parasitic Conditions of Raptors

Cited by 28 publications

References 76 publications

Health of an ex situ population of raptors (Falconiformes and Strigiformes) in Mexico: diagnosis of internal parasites

Health of an ex situ population of raptors (Falconiformes and Strigiformes) in Mexico: diagnosis of internal parasites

The Value of Endoscopy in a Wildlife Raptor Service

DETECTION AND CHARACTERIZATION OF ATRICHOMONASISOLATE FROM A REHABILITATED BALD EAGLE (HALIAEETUS LEUCOCEPHALUS)

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