The Value of Endoscopy in a Wildlife Raptor Service

Desmarchelier, Marion; Ferrell, Shannon T.

doi:10.1016/j.cvex.2015.04.005

Veterinary Clinics of North America: Exotic Animal Practice

2015

DOI: 10.1016/j.cvex.2015.04.005

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The Value of Endoscopy in a Wildlife Raptor Service

Marion Desmarchelier

Shannon T. Ferrell²

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Cited by 3 publications

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References 14 publications

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“…as well as topical antifungals in the form of nebulization or, less commonly, topical application during laparoscopy. 1,3 Certain oral antifungals, such as itraconazole, have been reported to be poorly tolerated in certain common psittacine species, such as African grey parrots. 1,4 Voriconazole is currently considered the most effective oral antifungal medication in humans and is recommended as the primary therapy.…”

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confidence: 99%

Retrospective evaluation of voriconazole treatment in psittacines: 14 cases (2012–2023)

Hinkle,

Mans

2024

javma

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OBJECTIVE To retrospectively evaluate the clinical use of voriconazole in psittacine patients for the treatment of suspected respiratory fungal infections. ANIMALS 14 client-owned psittacine birds. METHODS Medical records were searched from 2012 to 2023 for voriconazole use in psittacines. Species, age, clinical signs, physical examination findings, CT reports, bloodwork results, treatment, and outcome were obtained from the records or client follow-up. RESULTS African grey parrots were the most prevalent species (8/14). Dyspnea (9/14) and abnormal respiratory auscultation (11/14) were the most common examination abnormalities. An initial CT was performed in all cases, and pneumonia (10/14) and air sac disease (9/14) were the most common findings, with 8 cases having both pulmonary and air sac disease. Voriconazole doses ranged from 10 to 21 mg/kg (median, 16 mg/kg), with most cases prescribed as every-12-hour frequency (12/14). Three of 14 (21%) cases died or were euthanized within 24 days of diagnosis. One case was euthanized at 311 days, and 6 cases were lost to follow-up. Four of 14 (29%) cases lived > 12 months from diagnosis. Two of these cases cleared clinical infection after receiving voriconazole at 17 to 18 mg/kg (q 12 h). No adverse effects attributable to voriconazole were reported. CLINICAL RELEVANCE Voriconazole can be safely used for the treatment of suspected fungal respiratory infection in psittacines. However, the prognosis for resolution is guarded, and prolonged treatment and repeated diagnostic imaging are necessary in many cases.

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Retrospective evaluation of voriconazole treatment in psittacines: 14 cases (2012–2023)

Hinkle,

Mans

2024

javma

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Comparison of celioscopy and histological examinations to assess male gonadal health and functionality in adults and immature wild raptors

et al. 2017

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Aspergillosis: update on causes, diagnosis and treatment

Carrasco¹,

Forbes²

2016

Companion Animal

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Aspergillosis is one of the commonest diseases seen in avian practice. It is caused by fungi of the genus Aspergillus, mainly by A. fumigatus. Despite this being a well-known disorder, diagnosis and treatment of clinical cases is challenging. Birds will develop disease in two different scenarios: either when exposed to an overwhelming spore challenge or when the bird has a compromised immune system, often due to an underlying immunosuppressive status linked to poor husbandry or concurrent diseases. A presumptive diagnosis is often obtained by a combination of different techniques, including imaging techniques, haematology, biochemistry and serum protein analysis among others. Definitive diagnosis in the live bird is only achieved by endoscopy with cytology or fungal culture of biopsies and identification of samples of affected organs. Antifungal therapy, often based on an azole, is the core of the medical therapy, used in combination with other drugs and supportive care. Treatment is often required for a minimum of 8 weeks and the patient should be monitored long term. Management of aspergillosis should address any potential underlying causes.

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The Value of Endoscopy in a Wildlife Raptor Service

Cited by 3 publications

References 14 publications

Retrospective evaluation of voriconazole treatment in psittacines: 14 cases (2012–2023)

Retrospective evaluation of voriconazole treatment in psittacines: 14 cases (2012–2023)

Comparison of celioscopy and histological examinations to assess male gonadal health and functionality in adults and immature wild raptors

Aspergillosis: update on causes, diagnosis and treatment

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