Management of phosphorus nutrient amid climate change for sustainable agriculture

Abstract

Nutrients are essential for plant growth and development and influence overall agricultural production. Phosphorus (P) is a major nutrient required for many physiological and biochemical functions of a plant. Phosphate rock is the major source of phosphate fertilizer but is becoming increasingly limited in both developing and developed countries. The resources of phosphate rock need to be conserved, and import dependency on phosphate fertilizer needs to be minimized; this will help increase the availability of phosphate fertilizer over the next 300 yr. Climate change creates new challenges in the management of nutrients including P, affecting the overall production of crops. The availability, acquisition, and translocation of P are influenced by the fluctuation of temperatures, pH, drought, and elevated CO 2 . Both lower and higher soil temperatures reduce uptake and translocation of P. High soil pH affects P concentration and decreases the rate of plant P uptake. Low soil pH decreases the activity of soil microorganisms, the rate of transpiration, and P uptake and utilization. Elevated CO 2 decreases P uptake from soil by the plants. Future research is needed on chemical, molecular, microbiological, and physiological aspects to improve the understanding on how temperature, pH, drought, and elevated CO 2 affect the availability, acquisition, and transport of P by plants. Better P management strategies are required to secure the P supply to ensure long-term protection of soil fertility and to avoid environmental impacts such as eutrophication and water pollution, ensuring sustainable food production. INTRODUCTIONNormal growth and yield of plants depend on the optimum supply of nutrients. Each macronutrient and micronutrient plays a unique and irreplaceable role on the growth, development, and yield of crops. Its absence or deficiency invariably affects shape, size, weight, and other qualities of plants.

The Ubiquitin Proteasome System and Nutrient Stress Response

“…Soil temperature and moisture are two important determinants in the availability and uptake of nutrients. Temperature extremes impact nutrient acquisition by influencing root growth, soil microbial diversity, diffusion of nutrients across the soil, and the level of nutrients available for uptake ( Baon et al, 1994 ; Pregitzer and King, 2005 ; Yan et al, 2013 ; Gelybó et al, 2018 ; Maharajan et al, 2021 ). For example, low temperatures reduce phosphorus (P) uptake in corn ( Zea mays ; Mackay and Barber, 1984 ; McCallister et al, 1997 ; Maharajan et al, 2021 ).…”

“…Temperature extremes impact nutrient acquisition by influencing root growth, soil microbial diversity, diffusion of nutrients across the soil, and the level of nutrients available for uptake ( Baon et al, 1994 ; Pregitzer and King, 2005 ; Yan et al, 2013 ; Gelybó et al, 2018 ; Maharajan et al, 2021 ). For example, low temperatures reduce phosphorus (P) uptake in corn ( Zea mays ; Mackay and Barber, 1984 ; McCallister et al, 1997 ; Maharajan et al, 2021 ). Similarly, elevated temperature has been shown to decrease P uptake in wheat ( Triticum aestivum ; Kumar et al, 2012 ; Maharajan et al, 2021 ).…”

“…For example, low temperatures reduce phosphorus (P) uptake in corn ( Zea mays ; Mackay and Barber, 1984 ; McCallister et al, 1997 ; Maharajan et al, 2021 ). Similarly, elevated temperature has been shown to decrease P uptake in wheat ( Triticum aestivum ; Kumar et al, 2012 ; Maharajan et al, 2021 ). Elevated temperatures and heavy rain caused by climate change has made P deficiency one of the leading restrictive factors for crop growth ( López-Arredondo et al, 2014 ).…”

Containing the Risk of Phosphorus Pollution in Agricultural Watersheds

“…In addition to the intensification of agriculture, climate change poses serious threats to aquatic ecosystems [14]. Rising temperatures have a non-linear effect on P nutrient uptake [15], and can favor cyanobacterial growth and occurrence of HABs [1]. Climate change will also concur with hydrologic changes through modified patterns, intensity, and duration of precipitation events.…”

Phosphorus fertilizer form and application frequency affect soil P availability, chickpea yield, and P use efficiency under drip fertigation

“…2018; Simpson et al, 2011). According to several studies, phosphorus (P) is becoming a limiting factor for crop production in many cropping systems (W. Liu et al, 2018;Maharajan et al, 2021;Ros et al, 2020). P can be found in soil in a variety of forms including P in soil solution, P adsorbed, P in organic compounds, and P in soil minerals (Hinsinger, 2001).…”