Malnutrition as an enteric infectious disease with long-term effects on child development

Guerrant, Richard L.; Oriá, Reinaldo B.; Moore, Sean R.; Oriá, Mônica Oliveira Batista; Lima, Aldo A. M.

doi:10.1111/j.1753-4887.2008.00082.x

Cited by 447 publications

(462 citation statements)

References 178 publications

(376 reference statements)

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“…1 C and E). Because diarrheal disease reduces absorption of key nutrients, it is also a major cause of malnutrition in the developing world (with a particularly longterm impact on growing children), completing the feedback loop (97,98).…”

Section: Health and Disease Systemmentioning

confidence: 99%

A systems science perspective and transdisciplinary models for food and nutrition security

Hammond

Dubé

2012

Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. U.S.A.

179

143

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We argue that food and nutrition security is driven by complex underlying systems and that both research and policy in this area would benefit from a systems approach. We present a framework for such an approach, examine key underlying systems, and identify transdisciplinary modeling tools that may prove especially useful.complexity | agri-food | health | disease | environment N utrition is a fundamental human need, affecting health and well-being throughout the lifespan in myriad ways. A central concept in the study of human nutrition is food and nutrition security, which is typically defined as "when all people, at all times, have physical and economic access to sufficient, safe and nutritious food to meet their dietary needs and food preferences for an active and healthy life" (1). The absence of food and nutrition security can have significant consequences for individuals and for society, including malnutrition, obesity, disease, and poverty.Despite rapid growth in agricultural production over the past four decades, significant malnutrition persists. Average per-capita food consumption was below the recommended 2,200 kcal/d in 33 countries in 2003. Globally, more than 850 million people lack adequate access to food on a regular basis, with a third of these in East and Southeast Asia, another third in South Asia, and a quarter in sub-Saharan Africa. In sub-Saharan Africa, one of the most food-insecure regions, the number of hungry people has gone up by 20% since 1990; more than a third of the population is undernourished in such countries as Kenya and Tanzania. There are 126 million underweight children in the world and over 2 billion people who suffer from micronutrient deficiency (2-4).At the same time, there has been an alarming rise in obesity in the developed world (5, 6) and, increasingly, in the developing world as well (7-9). The obesity rate in the United States doubled between 1970 and 2000, to almost 30% (5); worldwide, nearly 1.5 billion people are now overweight or obese (9). Like malnutrition, obesity has significant implications for public health (10, 11) and health care costs (12). Obesity can coexist in the same populations as malnutrition, and it may be linked to the same forces that drive reductions in malnutrition (13, 14). Complexity of Food and Nutrition SecurityBoth phenomena, malnutrition and obesity, are manifestations of widespread food and nutrition insecurity. The determinants of this insecurity are complex. A primary driver of food security or insecurity is the agricultural food system. The agrifood system spans a series of interrelated processes, including production of raw food materials through farming and raising of livestock, processing and packaging for consumption, distribution, and utilization by consumers (15). These processes are affected by a range of influences, including diffusion of agricultural technology (16, 17), functioning of capital markets, infrastructure at both local and regional/global levels, organization of firms and supply chains, sociopolitical factors ...

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Section: Health and Disease Systemmentioning

confidence: 99%

A systems science perspective and transdisciplinary models for food and nutrition security

Hammond

Dubé

2012

Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. U.S.A.

179

143

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“…In addition, the prevalences of stunting and wasting, respectively, in the same regions were 39% and 16%, 39% and 12%, 40% and 9%, and 12% and 2%, respectively [8]. It was estimated that most of global undernutrition was associated with impaired intestinal absorptive function resulting from multiple and repeated enteric infections [9], which is critical in regions where children are mildly nourished [5]. In Mexico, it was estimated that, in 2012, 302, 279 (2.8%) children under five years of age were underweight, 1,467,757 (13.6%) were stunted and 171,982 (1.6%) showed emaciation.…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Cryptosporidiosis: a neglected infection and its association with nutritional status in schoolchildren in northwestern Mexico

Quihui‐Cota

Lugo-Flores

Ponce-Martínez

et al. 2015

J Infect Dev Ctries

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Introduction: Undernutrition is a recognized public health problem in Mexican children and cryptosporidiosis is probably a factor contributing to this problem. However, it remains a neglected and poorly attended infection in Mexico. This study aimed to determine the prevalence of Cryptosporidium parvum and to establish its association with the nutritional status in schoolchildren of northwestern Mexico. Methodology: A total of 405 schoolchildren between 6 and 13 years of age were included in this study. Weight-for-age (W/A), height-for-age (H/A) and body mass index-for-age (BMI/A) Z scores were calculated. The Faust technique was used to detect intestinal parasites in stool samples and C. parvum coproantigen was detected by enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay (ELISA). Results: The overall prevalence of C. parvum was 28.4%. Some of the study children were C. parvum free (n = 86) and some were C. parvum infected (n = 77). The prevalences of risk of undernutrition found in both groups of children for H/A, W/A, and BMI/A Z scores were 18%, 21% and 28%, respectively. Weight, ZW/A, and ZH/A were significantly higher in the C. parvum-free group compared to the C. parvuminfected group (p ≤ 0.05). The children with cryptosporidiosis were 2.7 times more likely to be at risk of undernutrition by W/A Z score and 2.9 times more likely to be at risk of undernutrition by ZH/A than were the C. parvum-free children. Conclusions: Cryptosporidiosis may be a contributing factor to childhood undernutrition in northwestern Mexico. The proper authorities must implement control and prevention measurements in Mexico and other developing countries.

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“…Exclusive and/or partial feeding of volumes of at least 50 mL/kg/day of breast milk, compared to exclusive formula feeding, reduces the risk of infection and NEC. (25)(26)(27)(28)(29)(30)(31)(32) …”

Section: The Relevance Of Human Milkmentioning

confidence: 99%

“…In addition to the regulation of the intestine-regulated inflammatory response, this amino acid also has an important role in the maintenance of the intestinal mucosa and the mucosa barrier. (25,34) This means that glutamine is essential in preterm newborns and is insufficiently synthesized during stressful conditions. (8) However, different studies have failed to find significant clinical benefits of either oral or parenteral glutamine supplementation during sepsis or NEC.…”

Section: Nutrient or Immune Nutrient Offermentioning

confidence: 99%

Terapia nutricional e sepse neonatal

Freitas¹,

Leão²,

Gomes³

et al. 2011

Rev. bras. ter. intensiva

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Malnutrition as an enteric infectious disease with long-term effects on child development

Cited by 447 publications

References 178 publications

A systems science perspective and transdisciplinary models for food and nutrition security

A systems science perspective and transdisciplinary models for food and nutrition security

Cryptosporidiosis: a neglected infection and its association with nutritional status in schoolchildren in northwestern Mexico

Terapia nutricional e sepse neonatal

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