Main Inflammatory Cells and Potentials of Anti-Inflammatory Agents in Prostate Cancer

Abstract

Prostate cancer is the most common type of cancer and the leading cause of cancer deaths among men in many countries. Preventing progression is a major concern for prostate cancer patients on active surveillance, patients with recurrence after radical therapies, and patients who acquired resistance to systemic therapies. Inflammation, which is induced by various factors such as infection, microbiome, obesity, and a high-fat diet, is the major etiology in the development of prostate cancer. Inflammatory cells play important roles in tumor progression. Various immune cells including tumor-associated neutrophils, tumor-infiltrating macrophages, myeloid-derived suppressor cells, and mast cells promote prostate cancer via various intercellular signaling. Further basic studies examining the relationship between the inflammatory process and prostate cancer progression are warranted. Interventions by medications and diets to control systemic and/or local inflammation might be effective therapies for prostate cancer progression. Epidemiological investigations and basic research using human immune cells or mouse models have revealed that non-steroidal anti-inflammatory drugs, metformin, statins, soy isoflavones, and other diets are potential interventions for preventing progression of prostate cancer by suppressing inflammation. It is essential to evaluate appropriate indications and doses of each drug and diet.

Influence of Diet and Nutrition on Prostate Cancer

“…Therefore, regional differences in obesity rates might contribute to differences in the incidence of high-risk PCa. Moreover, obesity resulting from a high-calorie diet causes chronic systemic inflammation and might be involved in PCa growth through immune system-related mechanisms [13,15].…”

Retracted Article: Macrophage-derived exosomes mediate osteosarcoma cell behavior by activating AKT signaling

“…In recent years, tumor-inltrating macrophages have been shown to favor progression in various tumors. 5,6 A previous study demonstrated that inhibition of M2-like macrophages prevents osteosarcoma cell initiation and stemness. 7 Intriguingly, several studies conrmed that macrophages showed positive outcomes of osteosarcoma patients during diagnosis.…”

Links between Inflammation and Postoperative Cancer Recurrence

“…Chronic systemic inflammation, which is associated with the risk of several cancer types, including breast, colon, and pancreatic cancer, has been attributed to lifestyle [ 117 ]. Hayashi et al found that medications and diets that modulate the immune status or suppress the inflammatory response, such as metformin, aspirin, nonsteroidal anti-inflammatory drugs, statins, and soy isoflavones, may be clinically beneficial for patients with prostate cancer [ 118 ].…”