Magnetic stimulation of the human brain and peripheral nervous system

Barker, Anthony T.; Freeston, I.L.; Jalinous, R.; Jarratt, J.A.

doi:10.1097/00006123-198701000-00024

Cited by 478 publications

(70 citation statements)

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“…TMS of the occipital lobe excites cortical neurons (Moliadze et al, 2003) to create a retinotopically localized illusory visual percept known as a phosphene (Barker et al, 1985b;Meyer et al, 1991). Many studies have shown that TMS, at intensities above the threshold to induce phosphenes, interferes with normal visual processing and impairs the detection of visual stimuli (Amassian et al, 1989;Kammer, 2007;Harris et al, 2008).…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Improving Visual Sensitivity with Subthreshold Transcranial Magnetic Stimulation

Abrahamyan¹,

Clifford²,

Arabzadeh³

et al. 2011

J. Neurosci.

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We probed for improvement of visual sensitivity in human participants using transcranial magnetic stimulation (TMS). Stimulation of visual cortex can induce an illusory visual percept known as a phosphene. It is known that TMS, delivered at intensities above the threshold to induce phosphenes, impairs the detection of visual stimuli. We investigated how the detection of a simple visual stimulus is affected by TMS applied to visual cortex at or below the phosphene threshold. Participants performed the detection task while the contrast of the visual stimulus was varied from trial to trial according to an adaptive staircase procedure. Detection of the stimulus was enhanced when a single pulse of TMS was delivered to the contralateral visual cortex 100 or 120 ms after stimulus onset at intensities just below the phosphene threshold. No improvement in visual sensitivity was observed when TMS was applied to the visual cortex in the opposite hemisphere (ipsilateral to the visual stimulus). We conclude that TMS-induced neuronal activity can sum with stimulus-evoked activity to augment visual perception.

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Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Improving Visual Sensitivity with Subthreshold Transcranial Magnetic Stimulation

Abrahamyan¹,

Clifford²,

Arabzadeh³

et al. 2011

J. Neurosci.

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“…Transcranial magnetic stimulation (TMS) is a noninvasive procedure that utilizes pulsed magnetic fields to induce stimulating currents in cortical tissue (Barker et al 1985). When this current is applied repetitively, repetitive transcranial magnetic stimulation (rTMS), it can modulate cortical excitability, decreasing or increasing it, depending on the parameters of stimulation.…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Transcranial magnetic stimulation and brain atrophy: a computer-based human brain model study

et al. 2008

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This paper is aimed at exploring the effect of cortical brain atrophy on the currents induced by transcranial magnetic stimulation (TMS). We compared the currents induced by various TMS conditions on several different MRI derived finite element head models of brain atrophy, incorporating both decreasing cortical volume and widened sulci. The current densities induced in the cortex were dependent upon the degree and type of cortical atrophy and were altered in magnitude, location, and orientation when compared to healthy head models. Predictive models of the degree of current density attenuation as a function of the scalp-to-cortex distance were analyzed, concluding that those which ignore the electromagnetic field-tissue interactions lead to inaccurate conclusions. Ultimately, the precise site and population of neural elements stimulated by TMS in an atrophic brain cannot be predicted based on healthy head models which ignore the effects of the altered cortex on the stimulating currents. Clinical applications of TMS should be carefully considered in light of these findings.

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“…Transient noise is introduced into the neural computation being performed, often leading to longer reaction times or higher error rates. [2] As early as 1985, the first successful TMS study on human participants was conducted by Barker et al [5] The authors described the use of a pulsed magnetic field focused over specific regions of the cerebral cortex to induce muscle action potentials (see also the publication by Barker et al [6] later that year). In fact, their pioneering study turned out to be the beginning of a whole new research field.…”

Section: Transcranial Magnetic Stimulationmentioning

confidence: 99%

Transcranial magnetic stimulation research on reading and dyslexia: a new clinical intervention technique for treating dyslexia?

Noort¹,

Struys²,

Bosch³

2015

Neuroimmunol Neuroinflammation

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Rapid-rate transcranial magnetic stimulationLater, a variant of TMS was developed, which is called rapid-rate TMS (rTMS). [8,9] Further improvements of the stimulators, which are now able to provide discharges at frequencies of up to 60 Hz, have greatly increased the value of TMS as a tool in cognitive neuroscience A B S T R A C TNowadays, several noninvasive neuroimaging techniques, including transcranial magnetic stimulation (TMS), exist. The working mechanism behind TMS is a rapidly changing magnetic field that generates an electric current via electromagnetic induction. When the coil is placed on the scalp, the magnetic field generates a physiological reaction in the underlying neural tissue. The TMS-induced change in the participant's behavior is used by researchers to investigate the causal relations between specific brain areas and cognitive functions such as language. A variant of TMS has been developed, which is called rapid-rate TMS (rTMS). In this review, three databases (Medline, Educational Resources Information Center, and Scopus) were searched for rTMS studies on normal reading and dyslexia with a cut-off date of October 31, 2014. rTMS was found to be a valuable tool for investigating questions related to reading research, both on the word and the sentence level. Moreover, it can be successfully used in research on dyslexia. Recently, (high-frequency) rTMS has been used as a "clinical" intervention technique for treating dyslexia and for improving reading performance by exciting underactive reading pathways in the brain. Finally, we end the paper with a discussion of future directions in the field of rTMS research and dyslexia, for instance, the promising prospect of combining TMS with simultaneous electroencephalographic imaging.

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Magnetic stimulation of the human brain and peripheral nervous system

Cited by 478 publications

References 0 publications

Improving Visual Sensitivity with Subthreshold Transcranial Magnetic Stimulation

Improving Visual Sensitivity with Subthreshold Transcranial Magnetic Stimulation

Transcranial magnetic stimulation and brain atrophy: a computer-based human brain model study

Transcranial magnetic stimulation research on reading and dyslexia: a new clinical intervention technique for treating dyslexia?

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