Magnetic nanoparticle-based cancer nanodiagnostics

Abstract

Diagnosis facilitates the discovery of an impending disease. A complete and accurate treatment of cancer depends heavily on its early medical diagnosis. Cancer, one of the most fatal diseases world-wide, consistently affects a larger number of patients each year. Magnetism, a physical property arising from the motion of electrical charges, which causes attraction and repulsion between objects and does not involve radiation, has been under intense investigation for several years. Magnetic materials show great promise in the application of image contrast enhancement to accurately image and diagnose cancer. Chelating gadolinium (Gd III) and magnetic nanoparticles (MNPs) have the prospect to pave the way for diagnosis, operative management, and adjuvant therapy of different kinds of cancers. The potential of MNP-based magnetic resonance (MR) contrast agents (CAs) now makes it possible to image portions of a tumor in parts of the body that would be unclear with the conventional magnetic resonance imaging (MRI). Multiple functionalities like variety of targeting ligands and image contrast enhancement have recently been added to the MNPs. Keeping aside the additional complexities in synthetic steps, costs, more convoluted behavior, and effects in-vivo, multifunctional MNPs still face great regulatory hurdles before clinical availability for cancer patients. The trade-off between additional functionality and complexity is a subject of ongoing debate. The recent progress regarding the types, design, synthesis, morphology, characterization, modification, and the in-vivo and in-vitro uses of different MRI contrast agents, including MNPs, to diagnose cancer will be the focus of this review. As our knowledge of MNPs' characteristics and applications expands, their role in the future management of cancer patients will become very important. Current hurdles are also discussed, along with future prospects of MNPs as the savior of cancer victims.

19F Magnetic Resonance Imaging (MRI): From Design of Materials to Clinical Applications

“…Differences in how protons relax to their ground state are then processed to reconstruct the strength of the signal arising from each imaging unit (voxel) and to generate an image. Over the years, the huge amount of mobile water in living tissues and the different relaxation properties of its hydrogen atoms has been exploited by clinical 1 H MRI to provide physiological and anatomical information with high spatial resolution and excellent soft tissue contrast. − …”

Magnetic-mediated hyperthermia for cancer treatment: Research progress and clinical trials

“…[49,50] Possessing appropriate physicochemistry and tailored surface properties, MNPs have been extensively investigated for various applications such as drug delivery, hyperthermia magnetic resonance imaging (MRI), tissue engineering and repair, biosensing, biochemical separations, and bioanalysis. [51][52][53][54]…”

Surface Modification of Iron Oxide-Based Magnetic Nanoparticles for Cerebral Theranostics: Application and Prospection

“…Magnetic nanoparticles have drawn worldwide attention for their nanoscale physicochemical properties, especially in theranostics [ 1 , 2 , 3 , 4 , 5 , 6 , 7 , 8 ]. Combining diagnosis with therapy, magnetic nanoparticles have a pivotal role in the field of medicine [ 9 , 10 , 11 , 12 , 13 ]. Iron, as the most abundant organic metallic element, has emerged as the most appealing candidate [ 14 , 15 ].…”