Magnetic Ion Imprinted Polymers (MIIPs) for Selective Extraction and Preconcentration of Sb(III) from Environmental Matrices

Abstract

Antimony(III) is a rare element whose chemical and toxicological properties bear a resemblance to those of arsenic. As a result, the presence of Sb(III) in water might have adverse effects on human health and aquatic life. However, Sb(III) exists at very ultra-trace levels which may be difficult for direct quantification. Therefore, there is a need to develop efficient and reliable selective extraction and preconcentration of Sb(III) in water systems. Herein, a selective extraction and preconcentration of trace Sb(III) from environmental samples was achieved using ultrasound assisted magnetic solid-phase extraction (UA-MSPE) based on magnetic Sb(III) ion imprinted polymer-Fe3O4@SiO2@CNFs nanocomposite as an adsorbent. The amount of antimony in samples was determined using inductively coupled plasma optical emission spectrometry (ICP-OES). The UA-MSPE conditions were investigated using fractional factorial design and response surface methodology based on central composite design. The Sb(III)-IIP sorbent displayed excellent selectivity towards Sb(III) as compared to NIIP adsorbent. Under optimised conditions, the enrichment factor, limit of detection (LOD) and limit of quantification (LOQ) of UA-MSPE/ICP-OES for Sb(III) were 71.3, 0.13 µg L−1 and 0.44 µg L−1, respectively. The intra-day and inter-day precision expressed as relative standard deviations (%RSDs, n = 10 and n = 5) were 2.4 and 4.7, respectively. The proposed analytical method was applied in the determination of trace Sb(III) in environmental samples. Furthermore, the accuracy of the method was evaluated using spiked recovery experiments and the percentage recoveries ranged from 95–98.3%.

Speciation of trace amounts of Sb(iii) and Sb(v) in environmental water using inductively coupled plasma mass spectrometry after magnetic solid-phase extraction with rGO/Fe3O4

“…The developed method showed improved analytical performance in terms of LOD and LOQ as compared to those reported by ref. 43–46. Although the current method has a higher LOD and LOQ compared to the literature, 47 it possessed a higher maximum adsorption capacity.…”

Extraction of Palladium(II) with a Magnetic Sorbent Based on Polyvinyl Alcohol Gel, Metallic Iron, and an Environmentally Friendly Polydentate Phosphazene-Containing Extractant

“…To provide for easy separation of the sorbent from the aqueous phase using a permanent magnet, magnetic particles, for example, magnetite nanoparticles, are added to the polymer along with the extractant [ 28 , 29 , 30 ]. However, the agglomeration of magnetite nanoparticles in a polymer matrix reduces the magnetic properties [ 31 ], so it is necessary to use a finely dispersed magnetic carrier.…”