Magnesium vs. machined surfaced titanium - osteoblast and osteoclast differentiation

Abstract

PURPOSEThis study focused on in vitro cell differentiation and surface characteristics in a magnesium coated titanium surface implanted on using a plasma ion source.MATERIALS AND METHODS40 commercially made pure titanium discs were prepared to produce Ti oxide machined surface (M) and Mg-incorporated Ti oxide machined surface (MM). Surface properties were analyzed using a scanning electron microscopy (SEM). On each surface, alkaline phosphatase (ALP) activity, alizarin red S staining for mineralization of MC3T3-E1 cells, and quantitative analysis of osteoblastic gene expression, were evaluated. Actin ring formation assay and gene expression analysis of TRAP and GAPDH performing RT-PCR were performed to characterize osteoclast differentiation on mouse bone marrow-derived macrophages (BMMs).RESULTSMM showed similar surface morphology and surface roughness with M, but was slightly smoother after ion implantation at the micron scale. M was more hydrophobic than MM. No significant difference between surfaces on ALP activity at 7 and 14 days were observed. Real-time PCR analyses showed similar levels of mRNA expression of the osteoblast phenotype genes; osteopontin (OPN), osteocalcin (OCN), bone sialoprotein (BSP), and collagen 1 (Col 1) in cell grown on MM at 7, 14 and 21 days. Alizarin red S staining at 21 days showed no significant difference. BMMs differentiation increased in M and MM. Actin ring formation assay and gene expression analysis of TRAP showed osteoclast differentiation to be more active on MM.CONCLUSIONBoth M and MM have a good effect on osteoblastic cell differentiation, but MM may speed the bone remodeling process by activating on osteoclast differentiation.

Behavior of mammalian cells on magnesium substituted bare and hydroxyapatite deposited (Ti,Mg)N coatings

“…Considering the positive role of Mg in osteogenic differentiation, ECM synthesis could be started earlier in Mg containing surfaces. Positive role of Mg in Ti implants in osteogenic differentiation was reported but no information was given about the inhibition of ECM formation after certain Mg content [51,52]. Mg was shown to promote cell adhesion and differentiation via its interaction with integrins for different cell types [53,54].…”

Effects of magnesium coating on bone‐implant interfaces with and without polyether‐ether‐ketone particle interference: A rabbit model based on porous Ti6Al4V implants

“…Previous studies have demonstrated that the effect of Mg on bone resorption plays an additional important role in bone physiology around Mg‐based implants . Kwon et al reported that Mg may speed up the bone remodeling process by activating osteoclast differentiation. Mg deficiency in animal models leads to reduced bone mass and increased skeletal fragility .…”

Challenges and Pitfalls of Research Designs Involving Magnesium-Based Biomaterials: An Overview

“…The performance of titanium implants was previously investigated with incorporated magnesium in vivo [ 298 , 299 ]. Using micro-arc oxidation, titanium surfaces with magnesium incorporation were generated and significant enhancements in osseointegration were observed, despite minimal changes in topographical parameters [ 300 , 301 ]. The magnesium-modified implants demonstrated increased resistance to removal from bone and exhibited greater bone-to-implant contact [ 302 , 303 ].…”