Lysozyme activity and flow rate of mixed saliva in children, adolescents and adults

Raeste, Anna-Maija; Tuompo, Helena

doi:10.1111/j.1600-0722.1976.tb00517.x

Cited by 4 publications

(4 citation statements)

References 16 publications

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“…Lysozyme is a constituent of saliva with a concentration range of 1.5 to 57 g of human lysozyme equivalents ml Ϫ1 (35,52). The enzyme is present in higher concentrations in plaque fluid than in whole saliva (9), and activated polymor- phonuclear leukocytes also release this enzyme extracellularly (20).…”

Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Antifungal Effects of Lysozyme and Lactoferrin against Genetically Similar, Sequential Candida albicans Isolates from a Human Immunodeficiency Virus-Infected Southern Chinese Cohort

Samaranayake¹,

Samaranayake²,

Pow

et al. 2001

J Clin Microbiol

104

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A variety of innate defense factors in saliva such as lysozyme and lactoferrin contribute to mucosal protection and modulate Candida populations in the oral cavity. It is also known that in human immunodeficiency virus (HIV)-infected individuals significant variations in the concentrations of lysozyme and lactoferrin in saliva occur during disease progression. Therefore, the aim of this study was to determine the in vitro susceptibility to human lactoferrin and hen egg white lysozyme of genotypically similar oral Candida albicans isolates obtained from six HIV-infected ethnic Chinese during sequential visits over a 12-month period. The similarity of the genotypes (50 in total) was evaluated using a randomly amplified polymorphic DNA assay. A blastospore viability assay was performed to evaluate the sensitivity of the organisms to lysozyme and lactoferrin. Exposure to physiological concentrations of either lysozyme (30 g/ml) or lactoferrin (20 g/ml) caused a rapid loss of viability among all isolates to a varying extent. None of the sequential C. albicans isolates demonstrated significant differences in sensitivity to either protein from one visit to the next; similar results were noted when the different genotypes from the same individual were compared. On Spearman correlation analysis of two genotypes that were sequentially isolated from a single patient, a significant negative correlation between lysozyme (r ‫؍‬ ؊0.88; P < 0.02) (but not lactoferrin) resistance and the duration of HIV disease was seen. These results imply that a minority of C. albicans isolates that persist intraorally in individuals with HIV disease develop progressive resistance to innate salivary antifungal defenses such as lysozyme, possibly as an adaptive response. However, the vast majority of the Candida isolates appear to succumb to these nonspecific host immune mediators abundantly present in the oral environment.Candida albicans is the main cause of oral candidiasis in patients with human immunodeficiency virus (HIV) infection and AIDS (13, 38). Almost 90% of AIDS patients suffer from oropharyngeal or esophageal candidiasis at some stage of their disease (38). As HIV infection progresses, so does the oral colonization by Candida, and it eventually becomes a permanent oral resident despite prophylactic antifungal therapy (1,36,45). With the development of DNA fingerprinting methods, it is now possible to investigate strain relatedness and emergence of novel strains of C. albicans by sequentially sampling a cohort of individuals either with or without symptomatic oral candidiasis. Several authors have shown that AIDS patients are frequently infected with the same C. albicans strains over recurrent episodes of oral thrush (5, 34, 47, 60), and others have found, for instance in Candida vaginitis, that the same yeast strain may persist through successive episodes of infection (48,49). Although these and other studies have traced the yeast genotypes over multiple infection episodes (29,36,45), not many have investigated the phenotypic attr...

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Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Antifungal Effects of Lysozyme and Lactoferrin against Genetically Similar, Sequential Candida albicans Isolates from a Human Immunodeficiency Virus-Infected Southern Chinese Cohort

Samaranayake¹,

Samaranayake²,

Pow

et al. 2001

J Clin Microbiol

104

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“…Lysozyme and lactoferrin are two major nonimmu-nological antimicrobial proteins in saliva which possess concentration-, time-, and strain-dependent fungicidal activity against C. albicans in vitro (379,466). Lysozyme is found at a concentration range of 1.5 to 57 g/ml of saliva (350,419), and its antifungal properties are thought to be mediated by the enzymatic hydrolysis of N-glycosidic linkages in the microbial cell wall and injury to the cytoplasmic membrane following direct cationicprotein binding (279). Interestingly, concentrations of salivary lysozyme are increased in HIV-infected patients with or without oral candidiasis (20,199,274,467), and a trend toward progressive in vitro resistance to lysozyme has been observed in genetically similar, sequential oral C. albicans isolates from patients infected with HIV (379).…”

Section: Alterations In Mechanisms Of Oral Innate Resistance To C Almentioning

confidence: 99%

Immunopathogenesis of Oropharyngeal Candidiasis in Human Immunodeficiency Virus Infection

2004

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Oropharyngeal and esophageal candidiases remain significant causes of morbidity in human immunodeficiency virus (HIV)-infected patients, despite the dramatic ability of antiretroviral therapy to reconstitute immunity. Notable advances have been achieved in understanding, at the molecular level, the relationships between the progression of HIV infection, the acquisition, maintenance, and clonality of oral candidal populations, and the emergence of antifungal resistance. However, the critical immunological defects which are responsible for the onset and maintenance of mucosal candidiasis in patients with HIV infection have not been elucidated. The devastating impact of HIV infection on mucosal Langerhans' cell and CD4+ cell populations is most probably central to the pathogenesis of mucosal candidiasis in HIV-infected patients. However, these defects may be partly compensated by preserved host defense mechanisms (calprotectin, keratinocytes, CD8+ T cells, and phagocytes) which, individually or together, may limit Candida albicans proliferation to the superficial mucosa. The availability of CD4C/HIV transgenic mice expressing HIV-1 in immune cells has provided the opportunity to devise a novel model of mucosal candidiasis that closely mimics the clinical and pathological features of candidal infection in human HIV infection. These transgenic mice allow, for the first time, a precise cause-and-effect analysis of the immunopathogenesis of mucosal candidiasis in HIV infection under controlled conditions in a small laboratory animal

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“…As phagocytic cells also contain lysozyme (4) it is a component of the host defense systems responsible for the surveillance of external as well as internal surfaces of the body. Lysozytne is delivered to the oral cavity by salivary secretions and the concentration of lysozyme in saliva range from 1.5 to 57 /ig of human lysozyme equivalents ml ' (20,23,28). Indeed, plaque fluid has been reported to contain upto 15 times the level of lysozyme that is present in whole saliva (1).…”

mentioning

confidence: 99%

In vitro susceptibility of Candida species to lysozyme

Tobgi

Samaranayake

MacFarlane

1988

Oral Microbiology and Immunology

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The in vitro sensitivity of 68 oral and vaginal isolates of Candida species to lysozyme was determined by a growth inhibition assay. Experiments with a single isolate of Candida albicans indicated that sensitivity to lysozyme increases in a concentration‐ and time‐dependent manner. The examined Candida species were susceptible to lysozyme in the following decreasing order: Candida krusei (most susceptible), Candida parapsilosis, Candida tropicalis, Candida guilliermondii, Candida albicans and Candida glabrata. However, there were differences in susceptibility to lysozyme among different isolates within a given species. These results indicate that lysozyme may regulate, in a qualitative and quantitative manner, the yeast populations on human mucosal surfaces.

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Lysozyme activity and flow rate of mixed saliva in children, adolescents and adults

Cited by 4 publications

References 16 publications

Antifungal Effects of Lysozyme and Lactoferrin against Genetically Similar, Sequential Candida albicans Isolates from a Human Immunodeficiency Virus-Infected Southern Chinese Cohort

Antifungal Effects of Lysozyme and Lactoferrin against Genetically Similar, Sequential Candida albicans Isolates from a Human Immunodeficiency Virus-Infected Southern Chinese Cohort

Immunopathogenesis of Oropharyngeal Candidiasis in Human Immunodeficiency Virus Infection

In vitro susceptibility of Candida species to lysozyme

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