Lysine Restriction Affects Feed Intake and Amino Acid Metabolism via Gut Microbiome in Piglets

Abstract

Background/Aims: Our previous reports suggested that dietary supplementation with lysine influenced intestinal absorption and metabolism of amino acids. In this study, we further investigated the effect of lysine restriction (30%) on feed intake and we also tested the hypothesis that gut microbiome contributed to the potential mechanism of lysine restriction-mediated feeding behavior. Here, we profiled gut microbial communities by sequencing 16S ribosomal ribonucleic acid (rRNA) genes from gut samples as well as growth performance, serum hormones, and intestinal lysine transport in a piglet model. Results: Piglets preferred to the lysine restricted diet when giving three diets and the feed intake was markedly higher in the lysine-restricted group than that in the control group. Altered hormones (leptin, CCK, and ghrelin) might contribute to the feeding behavior caused by lysine restriction. Meanwhile, lysine transporting ability (SLC7A1 and SLC7A2 expression, intestinal electrophysiological changes, and amino acid pool in mesenteric vein) was decreased in response to lysine restriction. Through deep sequencing of bacterial rRNA markers, we observed that bacterial diversity was enhanced in the lysine-restricted group (Shannon H, PD, and Chao1). At the phylum level, lysine restriction enhanced gut Actinobacteria, Saccharibacteria, and Synergistetes abundances. At the family level, Moraxellaceae, Halomonadaceae, Shewanellaceae, Corynebacteriaceae, Bacillaceae, Comamonadaceae, Microbacteriaceae, Caulobacteraceae, and Synergistaceae abundances were increased in response to lysine restriction. Predictive functional profiling of microbial communities by PICRUSt also confirmed that dietary lysine restriction affected gut microbiome, which might further mediate amino acid metabolism, membrane transport, and endocrine system. Conclusion: Our results indicated that lysine restriction inhibited intestinal lysine transport and promoted feed intake, which might be associated with gut microbiome.

Effects of pulverized oyster mushroom (Pleurotus ostreatus) on diarrhea incidence, growth performance, immunity, and microbial composition in piglets

“…Yin et al 53 reported that the two main phyla constituting the gut microbiota of mice were the Firmicutes and Bacteroidetes after supplementing high-fat and melatonin to the diet of mice. By contrast, Yin et al 54 reported that the Firmicutes and the Proteobacteria were the two main bacterial phyla in the gut microbial of piglets during dietary lysine restriction. Tannock 55 reported that the physiological and dietary factors were the key conditions that may influence the composition and abundance of the intestinal microbiota.…”

Effects of IRW and IQW on Oxidative Stress and Gut Microbiota in Dextran Sodium Sulfate-Induced Colitis

“…For communities with identical species richness, an increased diversity is reflected by increased species uniformity. Microbial microecology in the intestine of mice is associated with the development of DSS-induced colitis [21,25,26]. Research has found that the compositions and varieties have changed in DSS-induced mouse models, such as those of Bacteroides, Lactobacilli, Parabacteroides, Enterobacteriaceae, and Anaerotruncus [27,28].…”

“…The results are presented in micromolar equivalents of ascorbic acid, an antioxidant normally found in the plasma [20]. Superoxide dismutase (SOD), glutathione peroxidase (GPx), and catalase (CAT) kits supplied by the Jiancheng Bioengineering Institute, Nanjing, China, were used to evaluate the antioxidant enzyme activities, defined as the quantity of enzyme degrading 1 µmol of substrate per minute [21]. The results are presented in units per mg of protein.…”

Melatonin reprogramming of gut microbiota improves lipid dysmetabolism in high‐fat diet‐fed mice

“…The PCR cycling condition was 40 cycles at 94°C for 40 seconds, 60°C for 30 seconds, and 72°C for 35 seconds. The relative expression was expressed as a ratio of the target gene to the control gene using the formula 2 −(∆∆Ct) , where ∆∆Ct = (Ct Target − Ct β‐actin ) treatment − (Ct Target − Ct β‐actin ) control . Relative expression was normalized and expressed as a ratio to the expression in the control group …”

“…Paired‐end sequencing was performed on the Illumina MiSeq platform, and a phylogenic tree and OTU table were obtained from the Mothur Bayesian classifier. Sequencing libraries were generated and analyzed according to our previous study . Principal coordinate analysis (PCoA) was performed to get principal coordinates and visualize from complex, multidimensional data.…”