&lt;title&gt;Artificial muscles working in aqueous solutions or in air&lt;/title&gt;

Otero, Toribio F.; Cantero, I.; Sansiñena, J.M.; Paoli, Marco-Aurélio De

doi:10.1117/12.349668

Cited by 3 publications

(3 citation statements)

References 9 publications

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“…This causes the actuator to bend [216,221,227,228]. In a later work, three-layer actuators were presented, which have layers of PPy on both sides of a flexible middle layer [229][230][231]. Figure 13 gives an impression of both structures and their corresponding reaction mechanisms.…”

Section: Current Research Efforts and Textile Applicationsmentioning

confidence: 98%

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Fundamentals and working mechanisms of artificial muscles with textile application in the loop

Grellmann

Lohse

Kamble

et al. 2021

Smart Mater. Struct.

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Natural muscles, that convert chemical energy derived from glucose into mechanical and thermal energy, are capable of performing complex movements. This natural muscle power was the only way to perform mechanical work in a targeted manner for millions of years. In the course of thousands of years of technical development, mankind has succeeded in harnessing various physical and chemical phenomena to drive specific mechanical processes. Wind and water power, steam and combustion engines or electric motors are just a few examples. However, in order to make the diversity and flexibility of natural motion patterns usable for machines, attempts have been made for many years to develop artificial muscles. These man-made smart materials are able to react to environmental conditions by significantly changing their shape or size. For the design of effective artificial muscles that closely resemble the natural original, the usage of textile technology offers great advantages. By means of weaving, individual actuators can be parallelized, which enables the transmission of greater forces. By knitting the maximum stretching performance can be enhanced by combining the intrinsic stretching capacity of the actuators with the structural-geometric stretching capacity of the fabric. Furthermore textile production techniques are well suited for the requirement-specific, individual placement of actuators in order to achieve the optimal geometry for the respective needs in every load case. Ongoing technical development has created fiber based and non-fibrous artificial muscles that are capable of mimicking and even out-performing their biological prodigy. Meanwhile, a large number of partly similar, but also very different functional principles and configurations were developed, each with its own specific characteristics. This paper provides an overview of the relevant and most promising technical approaches for realising artificial muscles, classifies them to specific material types and explains the mechanisms used as well as the possible textile applications.

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Section: Current Research Efforts and Textile Applicationsmentioning

confidence: 98%

“…Later, they also successfully performed experiments with solid electrolytes. They found that, as long as the solid electrolyte provides the same amount of electrical energy as the liquid one, the feasible radius of movement is identical [230,231].…”

Section: Current Research Efforts and Textile Applicationsmentioning

confidence: 99%

Fundamentals and working mechanisms of artificial muscles with textile application in the loop

Grellmann

Lohse

Kamble

et al. 2021

Smart Mater. Struct.

View full text Add to dashboard Cite

show abstract

“…Moreover, bending artificial muscles, developed as multi-(bi-or three-) layer devices [15][16][17][18][19][20][21], have then been studied and have presented unique actuating and sensing abilities. Indeed, as for any other electrochemical, or chemical, reaction, the reaction rate is influenced by working temperatures or reactant concentrations.…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Self-supported semi-interpenetrating polymer networks as reactive ambient sensors

Arias‐Pardilla

Plesse²,

Khaldi³

et al. 2011

Journal of Electroanalytical Chemistry

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High-Speed Electrically Actuated Elastomers with Strain Greater Than 100%

Pelrine

Kornbluh

Pei

et al. 2000

Science

2,919

2,341

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Electrical actuators were made from films of dielectric elastomers (such as silicones) coated on both sides with compliant electrode material. When voltage was applied, the resulting electrostatic forces compressed the film in thickness and expanded it in area, producing strains up to 30 to 40%. It is now shown that prestraining the film further improves the performance of these devices. Actuated strains up to 117% were demonstrated with silicone elastomers, and up to 215% with acrylic elastomers using biaxially and uniaxially prestrained films. The strain, pressure, and response time of silicone exceeded those of natural muscle; specific energy densities greatly exceeded those of other field-actuated materials. Because the actuation mechanism is faster than in other high-strain electroactive polymers, this technology may be suitable for diverse applications.

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<title>Artificial muscles working in aqueous solutions or in air</title>

Cited by 3 publications

References 9 publications

Fundamentals and working mechanisms of artificial muscles with textile application in the loop

Fundamentals and working mechanisms of artificial muscles with textile application in the loop

Self-supported semi-interpenetrating polymer networks as reactive ambient sensors

High-Speed Electrically Actuated Elastomers with Strain Greater Than 100%

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