<p>Recent Advances in Oral Nano-Antibiotics for Bacterial Infection Therapy</p>

Abstract

Bacterial infections are the main infectious diseases and cause of death worldwide. Antibiotics are used to treat various infections ranging from minor to life-threatening ones. The dominant route to administer antibiotics is through oral delivery and subsequent gastrointestinal tract (GIT) absorption. However, the delivery efficiency is limited by many factors such as low drug solubility and/or permeability, gastrointestinal instability, and low antibacterial activity. Nanotechnology has emerged as a novel and efficient tool for targeting drug delivery, and a number of promising nanotherapeutic strategies have been widely explored to overcome these obstacles. In this review, we explore published studies to provide a comprehensive understanding of the recent progress in the area of orally deliverable nanoantibiotic formulations. The first part of this article discusses the functions and underlying mechanisms by which nanomedicines increase the oral absorption of antibiotics. The second part focuses on the classification of oral nano-antibiotics and summarizes the advantages, disadvantages and applications of nanoformulations including lipid, polymer, nanosuspension, carbon nanotubes and mesoporous silica nanoparticles in oral delivery of antibiotics. Lastly, the challenges and future perspective of oral nano-antibiotics for infection disease therapy are discussed. Overall, nanomedicines designed for oral drug delivery system have demonstrated the potential for the improvement and optimization of currently available antibiotic therapies.

Microbial resistance to nanotechnologies: An important but understudied consideration using antimicrobial nanotechnologies in orthopaedic implants

“…Traditional antibiotic treatment via intravenous injection or oral administration often results in premature drug degradation and off-target absorption by non-pathogenic microorganisms [ 138 , 139 ]. The lower-than-expected dosage of antibiotics in the infected area is considered a major cause of antibiotics resistance [ 140 , 141 ].…”

Overview on bacterial resistance and nanoparticles to overcome bacterial resistance

“…ABs kill bacteria through the inhibition of essential cellular processes. AB can attack a single target in the bacteria as presented in Figure 3 and Table 2 such as: cell membrane, cell wall, protein synthesis or bacterial enzymes 11,[47][48][49] . Single process suppression increases the possibility of bacteria developing resistance against ABs 50 .…”

“…Furthermore, there are no known side effects for polymeric, SL and liposomal NPs. Besides, FDA has previously approved nanomedicines from the relatively safe NPs carriers 47,96,97 .…”

Advances in Pulmonary Drug Delivery Targeting Microbial Biofilms in Respiratory Diseases

“…SLNs are submicron dispersions of the solidified lipids into a liquid media. SLNs are utilized for the delivery of hydrophilic and lipophilic antibiotics along with some minute chemical bodies including peptides and proteins [72]. SLNs are slightly toxic and biocompatible.…”