Overview on bacterial resistance and nanoparticles to overcome bacterial resistance

Abstract

Microbial infections have been the leading cause of death throughout history. This was changed when antibiotics were discovered, causing an increase in life expectancy from 48 years to 72 years. However, this golden era might end very soon. Bacteria have evolved resistance against antibiotics using different pathways. Therefore, restrictive policies about using antibiotics should be implemented by the healthcare system to prevent the further spread of bacterial resistance. However, these policies might not be enough without discovering or synthesizing new antibiotics. Antibiotics synthesis or discovery is a lengthy, tedious multistage process. Moreover, the development of bacterial resistance against any newly developed antibiotics takes around 10 years. Therefore, there is a need to find another strategy to retain the current available antibiotics activity against micro-organisms. Nanotechnology is a cutting-edge science that has been emerged few decades ago, it is concerned with producing fibers or particles in the nanometer scale. In literatures, nanoparticles were shown to improve the drug solubility, bioavailability, modify drug pharmacokinetics, increase drug stability, target drug into certain sites and moreover, were proven to overcome some developed resistance mechanisms against anticancer drug (e.g. Efflux mechanism). Recently, nanotechnology techniques have been applied to combat microbial infections and they were proven to be able to overcome the bacterial developing resistance mechanism. In this review, we are presenting a historical background of antibiotics and discussing some bacterial developed resistance mechanisms as well as stating different nanobased formulations that were developed and proved to be effectively potentiate the antibiotic activity against some resistant micro-organisms.

Rhamnolipid Nano-Micelles Inhibit SARS-CoV-2 Infection and Have No Dermal or Eye Toxic Effects in Rabbits

“…Nanotechnology is a cutting-edge science that is known to change the physicochemical properties of materials due to their small size (1–1000 nm) and thus potentiate materials’ activity and overcome their side effects [ 26 , 27 , 28 , 29 , 30 , 31 , 32 , 33 , 34 , 35 ]. Nanoparticles were reported to be applied for antimicrobial purposes against viruses [ 6 , 36 , 37 , 38 , 39 ] and bacteria [ 6 , 23 , 40 ].…”

Application of Several Nano Carriers to Improve the Solubility and the Bioavailability of Carvedilol

“…Nanomedicine as a drug delivery system was used to target the drug to a specific site and consequently overcome drug accumulation at off-target tissues and consequently side effects associated with drug administration 27 , 28 . This made nanomedicines able to overcome the limitations of conventional therapy 29 , 30 such as high frequency of drug administration 31 , improve the delivery of the hydrophilic drug into cells 32 improve the bioavailability of the poorly soluble drug, control/sustain drug release [33][34][35] Nanoparticles (NPs) have been previously applied to treat many diseases such as viral infections with promising results 25,[36][37][38] and also showed good antibacterial activity against multidrug-resistant bacteria 37,[39][40][41] wound healing 42,43 , and inflammation 44 , anticancer 45 aid crossing the blood-brain barrier 46,47 and has a potential to be used for diagnostic purposes 48 . Nanoparticles have the advantages of controlling particle size, and changing kinetics and could overcome the first-pass effect 49 .…”

Antimicrobial Activity of Azithromycin Encapsulated into PLGA NPs: A Potential Strategy to Overcome Efflux Resistance

“…Therefore, finding a selective delivery system that could deliver antibiotics to the infected sites while decreasing or avoiding their accumulation at off-target tissues and being able to overcome efflux-mediated resistance mechanisms could result in a dramatic improvement of the antibacterial activity of antibiotics. Nanoparticles (NPs) are an advanced delivery system, and interest in their clinical development for different diseases, including combating infections, has been growing over the last few years [ 4 , 7 , 8 , 18 , 19 , 20 , 21 , 22 , 23 , 24 , 25 , 26 , 27 , 28 , 29 , 30 , 31 ]. This is mainly attributed to their unique physicochemical properties, such as small particle size ranging from 1 to 1000 nm and a high surface area [ 32 ], being able to control/sustain drug release [ 33 , 34 ], deliver the antibiotics selectively at high concentrations into the infected sites, and thus, there is less possibility of bacteria developing resistance [ 15 , 35 , 36 ]; moreover, a lower possibility of drug accumulation at off-target sites [ 14 , 37 ].…”