<p>Purposeful Review to Identify Risk Factors, Epidemiology, Clinical Features, Treatment and Prevention of Chronic Kidney Disease of Unknown Etiology</p>

Abstract

The global burden of chronic kidney disease (CKD) has risen, and chronic kidney disease of unknown etiology (CKDu) contributes considerably to the national burden of CKD. It is characterized by irreversible, slowly advancing disease, and symptoms often appear in the late stages of the disease. It is a serious, novel cause of kidney failure and leads to premature deaths. Many hypotheses have emerged; however, the etiology of CKDu continues to be elusive and debatable and it is claimed that the etiology is multifactorial, encompassing environmental, genetic, occupational, and social factors. The dominant histopathological feature is chronic tubulointerstitial nephritis. It predominantly affects individuals with low socio-economic status, of working age, largely without chronic comorbidities, who perform strenuous labor in extreme conditions in various tropical areas of the world. It is often fatal due to fast progression and limited access to dialysis or transplant options in the involved geographic areas. Early recognition and appropriate interventions at the earliest possible stage are imperative for decreasing its associated morbidity and mortality. In this review, I tried to summarize available evidence on the risk factors, epidemiology, clinical features, treatment, and prevention of CKDu. The literature search for this review was conducted comprehensively by using different electronic databases and by using appropriate search terms.

Characteristics and Outcomes of Adults Hospitalized with Dengue Viral Infection and Acute Kidney Injury in Southern Thailand

“…This finding acknowledged DVI as a potential cause of CKD in tropical regions, with reports of CKD among younger patients compared with those in nontropical countries. 14,40,41 Similar to previous study, the transient loss of renal function observed in this study was associated with unfavorable outcomes. 10,12,13 Significantly higher 14-day mortality was recorded for patients with AKI compared with those without AKI and a borderline difference in 30-day and in-hospital mortality due to death of patient with severe myocarditis among those without AKI.…”

THE CHRONIC KIDNEY DISEASE OF UNKNOWN AETIOLOGY (CKDu) EPIDEMICS IN NORTHERN YOBE STATE

“…According to Levineet al (2016) most of the patients affected by CKDu in less developed countries are in their active productive age of between 30-60 years in most cases. CKDu epidemic has been reported with increasing frequency around the world in areas such as parts of South East Asia (Sri Lanka), Central America, and Eastern Europe (Martin-Cleary, 2014) as well as in Africa (Abdissa, 2020).…”