<p>Electrochemical Deposition of Nanostructured Hydroxyapatite Coating on Titanium with Enhanced Early Stage Osteogenic Activity and Osseointegration</p>

Abstract

Purpose The aim of research is to fabricate nanostructured hydroxyapatite (HA) coatings on the titanium via electrochemical deposition (ED). Additionally, the biological properties of the ED-produced HA (EDHA) coatings with a plate-like nanostructure were evaluated in vitro and in vivo by undertaking comparisons with those prepared by acid/alkali (AA) treatment and by plasma spray-produced HA (PSHA) nanotopography-free coatings. Materials and Methods Nanoplate-like HA coatings were prepared through ED, and nanotopography-free PSHA coatings were fabricated. The surface morphology, phase composition, roughness, and wettability of these samples were investigated. Furthermore, the growth, proliferation, and osteogenic differentiation of MC3T3-E1 cells cultured on each sample were evaluated via in vitro experiments. Histological assessment and push-out tests for the bone–implant interface were performed to explore the effect of the EDHA coatings on the interfacial osseointegration in vivo. Results XRD analysis showed that the strongest intensity for the EDHA coatings was at the (002) plane rather than at the regular (211) plane. Relatively higher surface roughness and greater wettability were observed for the EDHA coatings. Cellular experiments revealed that the plate-like nanostructured EDHA coatings not only possessed an ability, similar to that of PSHA coatings, to promote the adhesion and proliferation of MC3T3-E1 cells but also demonstrated significantly enhanced early or intermediate markers of osteogenic differentiation. Significant osseointegration enhancement in the early stage of implantation period and great bonding strength were observed at the interface of bone and EDHA samples. In comparison, relatively weak osseointegration and bonding strength of the bone–implant interface were observed for the AA treatment. Conclusion The biological performance of the plate-like nanostructured EDHA coating, which was comparable with that of the PSHA, improves early-stage osteogenic differentiation and osseointegration abilities and has great potential for enhancing the initial stability and long-term survival of uncemented or 3D porous titanium implants.

Impact of exogenous metal ions on peri-implant bone metabolism: a review

“…Electrochemical deposition 24,25 The metal matrix is immersed in the aqueous solution containing the gold-plated ions, and the direct current is passed through to make the positive ions discharge on the surface of the cathode to obtain the metal lm Low dissolution rate; effective Low fatigue strength, poor adhesion between coating and implant Sol-gel method 26,27 The use of metal inorganic salts or metal alcohol salts in water or alcohol solvent hydrolysis or alcoholysis reaction, the formation of the sol through drying dehydration into gel, and then aer heat treatment to obtain the product Uniform layers; the preparation process is easy to control; low processing temperature Fabrication steps; environmentally unfriendly; debonding of the coating layer Plasma spraying 17,28 A kind of gas is ionized by nontransfer arc to form a high temperature plasma jet, and the powder is introduced into it, and the jet is accelerated and impinges on the surface of the substrate to form a coating Effective, lower possibility of coating degradation, Nonuniform coatings, poor adhesion between coating and implants; high dissolution rate; the preparation temperature is too high to make HA decomposition Magnetron sputtering 29,30 It uses charged particles to bombard the target surface in vacuum, and the particles are deposited on the surface of the cold metal substrate to form a coating structure Effective; high purity of layers; ability to coat implants with complex shapes; strong adhesion of lms; dense and uniform coatings Technical complexity; high costs; the subsequent heat treatment is needed to restore the crystalline state of the coating structure, and the high temperature treatment will destroy the HA lattice to some extent Selective laser melting 31,32 This technique uses metal powder to be completely melted under the heat of a laser beam, then cooled and formed coatings Good mechanical property; a high degree of processing freedom…”

“…17 The performances of different surface modication techniques used for the incorporation of metallic ions are summarized in Table 2. [17][18][19][20][21][22][23][24][25][26][27][28][29][30][31][32] In this paper, we review the adverse effects of metal ions on osseointegration and highlight the emerging applications for metal elements in improving the performance of dental implants.…”

Plasma Spray vs. Electrochemical Deposition: Toward a Better Osteogenic Effect of Hydroxyapatite Coatings on 3D-Printed Titanium Scaffolds

“…Electrochemical deposition (ED) is a common technique for the fabrication of metal substrates, which has the promising advantage of a relatively simple and cost-effective process ( Fathyunes and Khalil-Allafi, 2018 ; Lu et al, 2020 ). Furthermore, the influence of thermal stress on bioimplants can be avoided since the ED process is performed primarily at room temperature.…”

Enhancing Osseointegration of TC4 Alloy by Surficial Activation Through Biomineralization Method

“…However, this type of rough surface has random and uncontrolled microstructures, while proteins and cells interact with the implant surface at the nanoscale. It has recently been shown that nanostructures on Ti implants produced by electropolishing significantly enhance the adhesion and osteoblastic differentiation of mesenchymal stem cells ( Lausmaa, 1996 ; Harris et al, 2007 ; Lu et al, 2020 ). Nevertheless, the in vivo environment triggers the release of metal ions from the implant and then initiates malfunction of joint replacements and even toxic effects in the serum.…”