Impact of exogenous metal ions on peri-implant bone metabolism: a review

Abstract

The development of effective methods to promote the osseointegration of dental implants by surface modification is an area of intense research in dental materials science.

Layered Double Hydroxides: A Novel Promising 2D Nanomaterial for Bone Diseases Treatment

“…[23] As metal elements always bear some degree of biological toxicity in high concentration, a safe metal concentration range that exerts optimum therapeutic effects but does not cause cytotoxicity should be identified, especially when the traditional MgAl elements of LDHs were exchanged with other metals, since rare metal ions tend to impose a negative impact on cellular homeostasis. [152][153][154][155] It is demonstrated that aluminum is one of the less toxic metals (Na < Cr < Mg < Mo < Al < Ta < Co < Ni < Fe < Cu < Mn < V). [156] Zn-containing LDHs were reported to show higher cytotoxicity than Mg-containing LDHs both in the form of suspension and extract.…”

Emerging factors affecting peri‐implant bone metabolism

“…44,45 The widely used cobaltchromium alloy or Ti, may release cobalt, chromium, or Ti ions, 46 which can damage the surrounding tissues and affect the osseointegration of dental implants. 18 Ti ions can be defined as a particulate metal in an unstable atomic electric condition, whereas titanium particles are a particulate metal in a stable atomic electric condition, 47 both capable of impacting cellular activity. Changes in the oral cavity pH, the presence of a bacterial biofilm, the continual wearing of the implant-prosthesis connection, and electrolytic effects may lead metals such as cobalt-chromium or titanium to corrode and promote deleterious effects on osseointegration and the surrounding tissues.…”

“…31,44,53,54,55 Release of Ti particles starts from the very insertion of the implant 56 and high levels of these Ti particles have negative influences on osteoblast formation and promote the activity of osteoclasts and inflammatory cells. 18 An in vitro study in rat calvaria analyzed the influence of Ti particles on osteoblast function and bone mineralization. 57 Concentrations of 10 ppm Ti inhibited osteoblast proliferation, whereas concentrations of 5 ppm or less Ti had no effect but prevented the stimulation of cell proliferation.…”

“…Furthermore, different techniques have been proposed to introduce various exogenous metal ions onto the implant surface not only to improve osseointegration, but other beneficial factors include increased corrosion resistance as well as anti-inflammatory or antibacterial properties. 18 Due to the balance of biocompatibility, mechanical properties, resistance to corrosion, and capacity for osseointegration, titanium (Ti) has been the preferred material for biomedical applications over the past several decades. 19,20 However, this wide use of Ti in the medical field has also increased concerns, such as the effects of free Ti particles released within the human body and their long-term accumulation.…”

Metal ions: the unfading stars of bone regeneration—from bone metabolism regulation to biomaterial applications

“…Several reviews have explored the mechanisms and applications of metal ions in bone regeneration. These reviews have primarily focused on bone defect treatment, 13 peri-implant bone metabolism, 14 and the roles of solid metals and their corresponding ions in applications of bone regeneration. 15 However, bone regeneration is a comprehensive process involving the coordinated regulation of osteogenesis, immunomodulation, and angiogenesis, and various metal ions play diverse roles in these three aspects.…”