Interferon (IFN)-γ is necessary for tumor immunity, however, its initial cellular source is unknown. Because γδ T cells primarily produce this cytokine upon activation, we hypothesized that they would provide an important early source of IFN-γ in tumor immunosurveillance. To address this hypothesis, we first demonstrated that γδ T cell–deficient mice had a significantly higher incidence of tumor development after challenge with a chemical carcinogen methylcholanthrene (MCA) or inoculation with the melanoma cell line B16. In wild-type mice, γδ T cells were recruited to the site of tumor as early as day 3 after inoculation, followed by αβ T cells at day 5. We then used bone marrow chimeras and fetal liver reconstitutions to create mice with an intact γδ T cell repertoire but one that was specifically deficient in the capacity to produce IFN-γ. Such mice had a higher incidence of tumor development, induced either with MCA or by inoculation of B16 melanoma cells, compared with mice with IFN-γ–competent γδ T cells. Moreover, genetic deficiency of γδ T cells resulted in impaired IFN-γ production by tumor antigen-triggered αβ T cell upon immunization with tumor lysate. These results demonstrate that γδ T cells can play a necessary role in tumor immunity through provision of an early source of IFN-γ that in turn may regulate the function of tumor-triggered αβ T cells.

For breast cancer patients who have undergone breast‐conserving surgery, effective treatments to prevent local recurrences and metastases is very essential. Here, a local injectable therapeutic platform based on a thermosensitive PLEL hydrogel with near‐infrared (NIR)‐stimulated drug release is developed to achieve synergistic photothermal immunotherapy for prevention of breast cancer postoperative relapse. Self‐assembled multifunctional nanoparticles (RIC NPs) are composed of three therapeutic components including indocyanine green, a photothermal agent; resiquimod (R848), a TLR‐7/8 agonist; and CPG ODNs, a TLR‐9 agonist. RIC NPs are physically incorporated into the thermosensitive PLEL hydrogel. The RIC NPs encapsulated PLEL hydrogel (RIC NPs@PLEL) is then locally injected into the tumor resection cavity for local photothermal therapy to ablate residue tumor tissues and produce tumor‐associated antigens. At the same time, NIR also triggers the release of immune components CPG ODNs and R848 from thermoresponsive hydrogels PLEL. The released immune components, together with tumor‐associated antigens, work as an in situ cancer vaccine for postsurgical immunotherapy by inducing effective and sustained antitumor immune effect. Overall, this work suggests that photothermal immunotherapy based on local hydrogel delivery system has great potential as a promising tool for the postsurgical management of breast cancer to prevent recurrences and metastases.

Collagen-induced arthritis (CIA) is a rodent model of human rheumatoid arthritis. Mice of the H-2(q) (DBA/1J) background are highly susceptible to disease whereas mice of the H-2(b) (C57BL/6, B6) background are resistant. To determine why B6 mice are resistant to disease induction, we systematically analyzed T and B cell immune responses in B6 mice, compared to DBA/1J mice, following immunization with bovine type II collagen (CII). We found that both strains showed similar T cell proliferation and cytokine responses and similar levels of anti-CII antibodies (Abs) at day 12 or day 14 of initial immunization (primary immune response), however, those B6 mice that did not develop arthritis showed a significant defect in T cell responses and significantly lower levels of anti-CII Abs following secondary boosting immunization (day 35 of initial immunization, secondary immune response) compared to DBA/1J mice. Our results define for the first time that a defective secondary immune responses in B6 mice leads to the resistance of CIA.

Background18F-fluorodeoxyglucose (18F-FDG) positron emission tomography (PET) and PET/CT have become two of the most powerful tools for malignant lymphoma exploration, but their diagnostic role in primary central nervous system lymphoma (PCNSL) is still disputed. The purpose of our study is to identify the usefulness of 18F-FDG PET and PET/CT for detecting PCNSL.ResultsA total of 129 patients, obtained from eight eligible studies, were included for this systematic review and meta-analysis. The performance of 18F-FDG PET and PET/CT for diagnosing PCNSL were as follows: the pooled sensitivity was 0.88 (95% CI: 0.80–0.94), specificity was 0.86 (95% CI: 0.73–0.94), positive likelihood ratio (PLR) was 3.99 (95% CI: 2.31–6.90), negative likelihood ratio (NLR) was 0.11 (95% CI: 0.04-0.32), and diagnostic odds ratio (DOR) was 33.40 (95% CI: 10.40–107.3). In addition, the area under the curve (AUC) and Q index were 0.9192 and 0.8525, respectively.Materials and MethodsPubMed/MEDLINE, Embase and Cochrane Library were systematically searched for potential publications (last updated on July 16th, 2016). Reference lists of included articles were also checked. Original articles that reported data on patients who were suspected of having PCNSL were considered suitable for inclusion. The sensitivities and specificities of 18F-FDG PET and PET/CT in each study were evaluated. The Stata software and Meta-Disc software were employed in the process of data analysis.Conclusions18F-FDG PET and PET/CT showed considerable accuracy in identifying PCNSL in immunocompetent patients and could be a valuable radiological diagnostic tool for PCNSL.

Objective. To test the effects of a novel tylophorine analog, DCB 3503, on the prevention and treatment of collagen-induced arthritis (CIA) and to elucidate its underlying mechanisms.Methods. DBA/1J mice were immunized with type II collagen, and in some cases, lipopolysaccharide (LPS) was used to boost the development of arthritis.

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• Spontaneous regression of B-cell tumors in Em-myc mice.• Regression depends on DNAM-1, natural killer cells, and T cells.

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