<p>3D-HA Scaffold Functionalized by Extracellular Matrix of Stem Cells Promotes Bone Repair</p>

Abstract

Background and Purpose The extracellular matrix (ECM) derived from bone marrow mesenchymal stem cells (BMSCs) has been used in regenerative medicine because of its good biological activity; however, its poor mechanical properties limit its application in bone regeneration. The purpose of this study is to construct a three dimensional-printed hydroxyapatite (3D-HA)/BMSC-ECM composite scaffold that not only has biological activity but also sufficient mechanical strength and reasonably distributed spatial structure. Methods A BMSC-ECM was first extracted and formed into micron-sized particles, and then the ECM particles were modified onto the surface of 3D-HA scaffolds using an innovative linking method to generate composite 3D-HA/BMSC-ECM scaffolds. The 3D-HA scaffolds were used as the control group. The basic properties, biocompatibility and osteogenesis ability of both scaffolds were tested in vitro. Finally, a critical skull defect rat model was created and the osteogenesis effect of the scaffolds was evaluated in vivo. Results The compressive modulus of the composite scaffolds reached 9.45±0.32 MPa, which was similar to that of the 3D-HA scaffolds ( p >0.05). The pore size of the two scaffolds was 305±47 um and 315±34 um ( p >0.05), respectively. A CCK-8 assay indicated that the scaffolds did not have cytotoxicity. The composite scaffolds had good cell adhesion ability, with a cell adhesion rate of up to 76.00±6.17% after culturing for 7 hours, while that of the 3D-HA scaffolds was 51.85±4.77% ( p <0.01). In addition, the composite scaffold displayed higher alkaline phosphatase (ALP) activity, osteogenesis-related mRNA expression, and calcium nodule formation, thus confirming that the composite scaffolds had good osteogenic activity. The composite scaffolds exhibited good bone repair in vivo and were superior to the 3D-HA scaffolds. Conclusion We conclude that BMSC-ECM is a good osteogenic material and that the composite scaffolds have good osteogenic ability, which provides a new method and concept for the repair of bone defects.

Clinical Application of Bone Marrow Mesenchymal Stem/Stromal Cells to Repair Skeletal Tissue

“…Alternatively silk fibroins have been manipulated in vitro to form biomaterial rolls resembling the appearance of osteons, which enabled not only osteogenesis of human MSC (hMSC) but also the survival and directional growth of neurite processes [ 81 ]. Other examples include the development of bioglass functionalized gelatin nanofibrous scaffolds, which promoted ectopic bone formation in rats [ 64 ], and the use of the BMSC derived extracellular matrix in combination with a 3D-printed HA scaffold to promote strong osteogenic ability and appropriate “tissue-space” structure [ 82 ]. Furthermore, researchers have also suggested bone synthesis can be improved via a biphasic dual delivery scaffold systems [ 83 , 84 ].…”

Autologous adipose-derived mesenchymal stem cells and hydroxyapatite for bone defect in rabbits

“…Synthetic hydroxyapatite is a plastic biomaterial that acts like a scaffold to the neovascularisation, cellular proliferation, fibrovascular growth, osteoid formation and growth of mineralised bone (Pereira-Junior et al 2013). It has osteoconductive properties (Ramesh et al 2018), and can be combined with MSC to promote osteogenic induction (Chi et al 2020). In this study, hydroxyapatite showed the characteristics of a good scaffold, promoting an intense periosteal reaction in association with AAD-MSC.…”

Applications of 3D printed bone tissue engineering scaffolds in the stem cell field

“…The mixed application of natural and synthetic polymer materials seems to be a promising solution to solve the problems of mechanical strength [ 71 ], biocompatibility [ 72 , 73 ], and controllable degradation [ 74 ]. But there is still a need for clinicians and technicians to work together to continue to explore new materials and innovative printing methods.…”