<i>Staphylococcus aureus</i> Vaccine Candidate from MRSA Isolates: The Prospect of a Multivalent Vaccine

Abstract

Staphylococcus aureus (S. aureus) is a major cause various infections in humans and animals throughout the world. The increasing incidence of S. aureus infection, particularly methicillin-resistant Staphylococcus aureus (MRSA) is complicated by the antibiotic-resistance phenomenon. Thus, it requires new strategies to prevent wider scale of its incidence occurring. Preventative methods against infectious diseases through vaccination can prevent, control and reduce the severity of the disease process. Various methods have been used in the development of vaccines to prevent S. aureus infections, but no satisfactory results have been obtained. Recent studies suggests that multivalent vaccines based on cell-mediated immunity is expected to provide better protection against infection. The purpose of this article is to summarize the challenges of S. aureus infection and the current status of its potential solution with the development of a multivalent vaccine and to explain the latest approaches recommended to obtain successful development of S. aureus vaccine by inducing T-cells CD8+, CD4+ and Th17. Seven MRSA Indonesian origin isolates from humans and dairy-cattle were used as candidate vaccines as genotypic characterization had previously been performed (coa, eta, etb, hla, hlb, cap5, cap8, fnbA, fnbB and mecA). Vaccination can be performed with live-attenuated or killed-vaccine and could be combined with an injection of αCD40 monoclonal-antibodies (mAbs) with the aim to induce cellular-based active immunity (T CD8+, CD4+ and Th17). These isolates are expected to be safe vaccine candidates with immunogenic-protective properties based on genetic and antigenic variation to prevent and control staphylococcal infections in humans and animals.

Staphylococcus Aureus Resistentes a Meticilina E Meropenem Em Leite De Vacas Com Mastite Subclínica/ Methicillin and Meropenem Resistant Staphylococcus Aureus in Milk of Cows With Subclinical Mastitis

“…Outra possibilidade pode estar relacionada com respostas de resistência fenotípica semelhante entre Beta-lactâmicos levando a uma resistência inespecífica, pois os carbapenêmicos assim como as penicilinas, cefalosporinas, e monobactans possuem em comum no seu núcleo estrutural, o anel beta-lactâmico associado à ação na célula bacteriana interferindo na síntese de peptidoglicano da parede celular (DURAND et al, 2019). E dentre os mecanismos de resistência relatados, está a produção de penicilinases ou betalactamases (UDDIN;AHN et al, 2017) e outros mecanismos como modificações na proteína PBP e nas porinas (AQIB et al, 2017) que são proteínas responsáveis pela permeabilidade, afetam a entrada de elementos para o interior da célula, comprometendo a entrada do fármaco (SANDI et al, 2015).…”

The Candidate Antigens to Achieving an Effective Vaccine against Staphylococcus aureus

“…IL-17 plays a vital role in the recruitment and activation of neutrophils and may be critical for vaccine-induced memory immune responses against S. aureus infections. While the role and ability of the neutrophils is enhanced by antibodies to kill S. aureus, the antibody alone without the action of the neutrophils is known to be insufficient to provide protective effects [14,133,135,136]. Recent achievements about the role of Th17/IL-17 in protective immunity are promising in developing vaccines against S. aureus infections [137,138].…”

Synthetic selenium nanoparticles as co-adjuvant improved immune responses against methicillin-resistant Staphylococcus aureus

“…Pathogenicity factors are among antigen candidates for developing S. aureus vaccines; however, when used as a single component in the production of vaccines, they cannot provide an adequate immunity against S. aureus infections. The use of killed and attenuated live vaccines, although seeming to be a promising approach, suffers from problems such as the need for appropriate adjuvants in the killed vaccine and ensuring the patient’s safety when attenuated live vaccines are used (Sandi et al 2015 ).…”