Staphylococcus aureus (S. aureus) is a major cause various infections in humans and animals throughout the world. The increasing incidence of S. aureus infection, particularly methicillin-resistant Staphylococcus aureus (MRSA) is complicated by the antibiotic-resistance phenomenon. Thus, it requires new strategies to prevent wider scale of its incidence occurring. Preventative methods against infectious diseases through vaccination can prevent, control and reduce the severity of the disease process. Various methods have been used in the development of vaccines to prevent S. aureus infections, but no satisfactory results have been obtained. Recent studies suggests that multivalent vaccines based on cell-mediated immunity is expected to provide better protection against infection. The purpose of this article is to summarize the challenges of S. aureus infection and the current status of its potential solution with the development of a multivalent vaccine and to explain the latest approaches recommended to obtain successful development of S. aureus vaccine by inducing T-cells CD8+, CD4+ and Th17. Seven MRSA Indonesian origin isolates from humans and dairy-cattle were used as candidate vaccines as genotypic characterization had previously been performed (coa, eta, etb, hla, hlb, cap5, cap8, fnbA, fnbB and mecA). Vaccination can be performed with live-attenuated or killed-vaccine and could be combined with an injection of αCD40 monoclonal-antibodies (mAbs) with the aim to induce cellular-based active immunity (T CD8+, CD4+ and Th17). These isolates are expected to be safe vaccine candidates with immunogenic-protective properties based on genetic and antigenic variation to prevent and control staphylococcal infections in humans and animals.
This study was aimed to perform phenotypic and genothypic characterization of Escherichia coli (E. coli), particularly VTEC strain isolated from cattle faeces. In this study, 25 E.coli isolated from faeces specimens and faeces base fertilizer of dairy and beef cattles were used. Examination were carried out using phenotypic and genothypic characterization which is specified for E coli VTEC strain. The result showed that 20 % samples of fresh faeces specimens were detected as VTEC strains and none of isolate was detected from faeces base fertilizer samples. From VTEC strains, could detect 16 % VT1 gene, 12 % VT2 genes and 8% of both. Detection on gene pyelonephritis-associated pilli (pap), S fimbrial adhesion (sfa), and afimbrial adhesion (afa) were found about 60%, 80% and 80%, respectively.
Staphylococcus aureus is one of the major causative agents of mastitis in animals and a variety of human diseases such as septicemia, endocarditis, arthritis dan osteomyelitis. Infection of Methicillin-resistant S. aureus (MRSA) has been widely reported and these strains are usually resistant to multiple antibiotics. The purpose of this study was to evaluate the potential of Atuna racemosa, as an alternative herbal medicine against MRSA infection. The MRSA strains were isolated from human and confirmed based on their resistant to various antibiotics and analyzing of the mecA gene by polymerase chain reaction (PCR). Atuna racemosa originated from Ambon, Maluku, Indonesia, were extracted using 70% ethanol. The activities of the Atuna racemosa extract against MRSA were performed by diffusion disc agar and dilussion agar tests. The results showed that Atuna racemosa extract has the barrier effect of MRSA growth at a concentration of 5% in the diffusion test and at a concentration of 7% in the dilution test. Atuna racemosa could be used as an alternative new drugs with dose of 0.07 g/ml (7%) against MRSA which is multi-resistant to many antibiotics.
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