Low-Temperature Solution-Grown CsPbBr<sub>3</sub> Single Crystals and Their Characterization

Rakita, Yevgeny; Kedem, Nir; Gupta, Satyajit; Sadhanala, Aditya; Kalchenko, Vyacheslav; Böhm, Marcus L.; Kulbak, Michael; Friend, Richard H.; Cahen, David; Hodes, Gary

doi:10.1021/acs.cgd.6b00764

Cited by 332 publications

(386 citation statements)

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“…3f). Similarly, Rakita et al [62] reported the growth of CsPbBr3 single crystals by using a modified ITC method.…”

Section: Itc Methodsmentioning

confidence: 99%

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Progress in organic-inorganic hybrid halide perovskite single crystal: growth techniques and applications

Ding

Yan

2017

Sci. China Mater.

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“…3f). Similarly, Rakita et al [62] reported the growth of CsPbBr3 single crystals by using a modified ITC method.…”

Section: Itc Methodsmentioning

confidence: 99%

“…Rakita et al [62] reported a modified AVC method to grow CsPbBr3 single crystals. A precursor (PbBr2 and CsBr) DMSO solution was first titrated with one of the following anti-solvents: acetonitrile (MeCN) or methanol (MeOH).…”

Section: Avc Methodsmentioning

confidence: 99%

Progress in organic-inorganic hybrid halide perovskite single crystal: growth techniques and applications

Ding

Yan

2017

Sci. China Mater.

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“…MAPbI 3 single crystals were grown at room temperature (below the tetragonal → cubic phase transition temperature, 330 K; SI Appendix, Fig. S12) using the slow vapor saturation of an antisolvent method (8,72). A glass vial with the precursor solution was placed in a second, larger glass vial containing an antisolvent-ethyl acetate (AR, ≥99.7%; BioLab) or diethylether (AR; BioLab).…”

Section: Methodsmentioning

confidence: 99%

Tetragonal CH ₃ NH ₃ PbI ₃ is ferroelectric

Rakita

Bar-Elli

Meirzadeh

et al. 2017

Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. U.S.A.

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254

211

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Halide perovskite (HaP) semiconductors are revolutionizing photovoltaic (PV) solar energy conversion by showing remarkable performance of solar cells made with HaPs, especially tetragonal methylammonium lead triiodide (MAPbI 3 ). In particular, the low voltage loss of these cells implies a remarkably low recombination rate of photogenerated carriers. It was suggested that low recombination can be due to the spatial separation of electrons and holes, a possibility if MAPbI 3 is a semiconducting ferroelectric, which, however, requires clear experimental evidence. As a first step, we show that, in operando, MAPbI 3 (unlike MAPbBr 3 ) is pyroelectric, which implies it can be ferroelectric. The next step, proving it is (not) ferroelectric, is challenging, because of the material's relatively high electrical conductance (a consequence of an optical band gap suitable for PV conversion) and low stability under high applied bias voltage. This excludes normal measurements of a ferroelectric hysteresis loop, to prove ferroelectricity's hallmark switchable polarization. By adopting an approach suitable for electrically leaky materials as MAPbI 3 , we show here ferroelectric hysteresis from well-characterized single crystals at low temperature (still within the tetragonal phase, which is stable at room temperature). By chemical etching, we also can image the structural fingerprint for ferroelectricity, polar domains, periodically stacked along the polar axis of the crystal, which, as predicted by theory, scale with the overall crystal size. We also succeeded in detecting clear second harmonic generation, direct evidence for the material's noncentrosymmetry. We note that the material's ferroelectric nature, can, but need not be important in a PV cell at room temperature.halide perovskites | photovoltaics | semiconductors | ferroelectricity | pyroelectricity N ew optoelectronic materials are of interest for producing solar cells with higher power and voltage efficiencies, lower costs, and improved long-term reliability. A very recent entry is the family of halide perovskites (HaPs), in particular those based on methylammonium (MA) lead iodide (MAPbI 3 ), MAPbBr 3 , and its inorganic analog CsPbBr 3 . Devices based on these perform remarkably well as solar cells (1, 2), as well as in other optoelectronic applications, such as LEDs and electromagnetic radiation detectors (3-5). Understanding possible unique characteristics of HaPs may show the way to other materials with similar key features.The ABX 3 (X = I, Br, Cl) HaP semiconductors (SCs), that is, with perovskite or perovskite-like structures, reach, via a steep absorption edge, a high optical absorption coefficient (∼10 5 cm −1 ) (6, 7), long charge carrier lifetimes (∼0.1-1 μs) (8), and reasonable carrier mobilities (less than or equal to ∼100 cm 2 ·V −1 ·s −1 ) (9), and have a low exciton binding energy (10). With these characteristics, the thickness of the optical absorber layer can be ≤0.5 μm, which allows the charge carriers (separated electrons and holes) to diffuse/d...

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“…Even that perovskite single crystals show better stability and easy processability for application exploration, they are not suitable for light emission uses due to their weak PL response at room temperature. Recently, Cs 4 PbBr 6 single crystallites with micro or macro sizes gained increasing attention due to abnormal strong visi ble light emission properties at room temperature, [75,111,112] however, the nanosized NCs of this kind of material are nonluminescent. [113][114][115] The emissive Cs 4 PbBr 6 can be achieved through antisolvent vapor-assisted crystallization, [74] precursor injection at room [116] or elevated temperature, [115] spin-coating with nonstoichiometric precursors [116,117] or inhomogeneous interface reaction (IIR).…”

Section: In Situ Fabricated Pncs Embedded In Crystalline Matrixmentioning

confidence: 99%

In Situ Fabricated Perovskite Nanocrystals: A Revolution in Optical Materials

Chang

Bai

Zhong

2018

Advanced Optical Materials

180

122

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in bulk halide perovskites, long carrier diffusion length, and an absorption range covering the visible solar spectrum, collectively enable the high performance of photo electricity conversion. Compared to the bulk materials, perovskite nanocrystals or quantum dots (usually denoted as PNCs or PQDs) show obvious excitonic features with enhanced photoluminescence (PL) properties due to the well-known size-dependent quantum confinement effects. [14][15][16][17] The combination of color saturated emissions, super high quantum yield (QY), as well as easy processing inspired the intensive exploration of PNCs as light emitters, which is now under spotlights in the field of optical materials.The first perspective aim of PNCs is to alternate the state-of-the-art CdSe or InP quantum dots (QDs) as new generation luminescence materials. [18,19] As shown in Figure 1, these QD materials have been well demonstrated to be potential functional components for photonic and optoelectronic applications, and are currently on the way to industrialization. [20][21][22][23] Specifically, QDs can be employed as fluorescence labels, [24] laser gain media, [25] LED phosphors, [26] and down-shifting films for LCD backlights. [27,28] They can also be processed into thin film for optoelectronic devices including solar cells, [29] photodetectors, [30,31] transistors [32] and LEDs. [33] The PNCs outcompete these conventional QDs in terms of narrower full width at half maximum (FWHM) and low fabrication cost, but most importantly, the ease of in situ preparation. [34,35] Herein, this progress report highlight the developments of in situ fabricated PNCs.Colloidal semiconductor QDs are typically synthesized ex situ in flasks by hot injection method, stabilized by surface ligands. [36][37][38][39] To incorporate such solution based materials into applications usually requires purification, redispersion and surface engineering. For instance, ligand exchange is often employed to disperse QDs into aimed solvent, inducing defects that inevitably derogating the PLQYs. [40] Moreover, the organic ligands themselves also suffer from the risk of disabsorbing, reducing the stability of the QDs and thus the final devices. [41] Because halide perovskite are ionic compounds that can be well dissolved into polar solvents, PNCs can be fabricated through either ex situ routes in flask or in situ strategies on substrates. The in situ fabricated PNCs are adaptable to devices integration due to their scalable and low-cost manufacturing. In this regard, more and more efforts have been made in terms of the controlling synthesis, physical properties and device applications of PNC materials.After over 30 years of development, colloidal quantum dots have now become mature luminescent materials in photonic and optoelectronic operations and start to hit the market. The emerging perovskite nanocrystals are expected to promote large-scale commercialization due to their superior optical properties as well as low cost and easy fabrication. This progress report is focused on the...

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Low-Temperature Solution-Grown CsPbBr₃ Single Crystals and Their Characterization

Cited by 332 publications

References 43 publications

Progress in organic-inorganic hybrid halide perovskite single crystal: growth techniques and applications

Progress in organic-inorganic hybrid halide perovskite single crystal: growth techniques and applications

Tetragonal CH ₃ NH ₃ PbI ₃ is ferroelectric

In Situ Fabricated Perovskite Nanocrystals: A Revolution in Optical Materials

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Low-Temperature Solution-Grown CsPbBr3 Single Crystals and Their Characterization

Cited by 332 publications

References 43 publications

Progress in organic-inorganic hybrid halide perovskite single crystal: growth techniques and applications

Progress in organic-inorganic hybrid halide perovskite single crystal: growth techniques and applications

Tetragonal CH 3 NH 3 PbI 3 is ferroelectric

In Situ Fabricated Perovskite Nanocrystals: A Revolution in Optical Materials

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Low-Temperature Solution-Grown CsPbBr₃ Single Crystals and Their Characterization

Tetragonal CH ₃ NH ₃ PbI ₃ is ferroelectric