Low Fertility and the State: The Efficacy of Policy

McDonald, Peter

doi:10.1111/j.1728-4457.2006.00134.x

Cited by 388 publications

(314 citation statements)

References 45 publications

(25 reference statements)

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“…The second phase of the gender revolution starts with increasing involvement of men in the family chores, marking the transition towards the dual-earner-dual-carer model. Both conceptual frameworks highlight the relevance of the transformation of gender roles outside and within the family, in line with McDonald's views on the importance of gender equality and gender equity for fertility change (McDonald 2000(McDonald , 2006. In addition, they call for attention to men's situation, which until relatively recently has been quite neglected (for exceptions see Goldscheider and Kaufman 1996;Puur et al 2008;Goldscheider et al 2010), even though the decline in male wages and men's labour force activity along with growing labour market uncertainty have been recognized Booth et al 1999;Mills et al 2005).…”

Section: Making Sense Of the Interplay Between Family Complexity And mentioning

confidence: 83%

“…Countries of the Familialistic regime entered the low fertility path in the early 1980s, followed by the Liberal regime and the Transition Post-Socialist cluster in the same decade. Fertility rates continued to decline in all but the Dual-Earner and the Liberal regimes to and even below the so-called critical level of low fertility, i.e., 1.5 children per woman on average, known to accelerate population ageing if sustained for a longer period (McDonald 2006). The German-speaking countries in the General Family Support policy configuration type also have shown very low levels of childbearing, though more or less counterbalanced by reasonably high fertility rates in other countries of that cluster.…”

Section: Increasingly Diverse Family Biographiesmentioning

confidence: 99%

“…Indeed, in more recent studies increasing attention has been paid to gender equality in the public sphere and gender equity with respect to family life seen as the main drivers of family change (McDonald 2000(McDonald , 2006Esping-Andersen 2009, linking back to the hypothesis on work-family incompatibility (Liefbroer and Corijn 1999;Brewster and Rindfuss 2000). These dimensions have been synthesized in new theoretical frameworks on multiple equilibrium (Esping-Andersen and Billari 2015) and the gender revolution (Goldscheider et al 2015) aimed at explaining past trends as well as recent family changes from the point of view of the ongoing transformation of gender roles.…”

Section: Making Sense Of the Interplay Between Family Complexity And mentioning

confidence: 99%

See 2 more Smart Citations

The New Roles of Men and Women and Implications for Families and Societies

Oláh

Kotowska

Richter

2018

A Demographic Perspective on Gender, Family and Health in Europe

105

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Section: Making Sense Of the Interplay Between Family Complexity And mentioning

confidence: 83%

Section: Increasingly Diverse Family Biographiesmentioning

confidence: 99%

Section: Making Sense Of the Interplay Between Family Complexity And mentioning

confidence: 99%

See 1 more Smart Citation

The New Roles of Men and Women and Implications for Families and Societies

Oláh

Kotowska

Richter

2018

A Demographic Perspective on Gender, Family and Health in Europe

105

View full text Add to dashboard Cite

“…Quesnel-Vallée and Morgan 2003). Different structural and institutional constraints are frequently perceived as rationales for policy action designed to alleviate them (Chesnais 2000;European Commission 2005;McDonald 2006). This perspective views the intentions-behaviour 'gap' as an anomaly that needs to be reduced or eliminated.…”

Section: The 'Gap' Between Fertility Intentions and Achieved Fertilitymentioning

confidence: 99%

Sub-Replacement Fertility Intentions in Austria

Sobotka¹

2009

Eur J Population

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Combining the data of the 1986-2001 Microcensus surveys, I reconstruct trends in fertility intentions across time and over the life course of Austrian women born since the 1950s. Young adults in Austria expressed fertility intentions that were below the replacement-level threshold as early as in 1986 and women born since the mid-1950s consistently desired fewer than two children on average throughout their reproductive lives. A two-child family norm, however, still clearly dominates the fertility intentions of different age, cohort and education groups. Uncertainty about childbearing intentions is rather common, especially among younger and childless respondents. Different assumptions about reproductive preferences of undecided respondents affect estimates of the mean intended family size. Although Austrians were among the first in Europe to express low fertility intentions, their position is no longer unique. By the early 2000s, young women in a number of other European countries also expressed sub-replacement fertility intentions.

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“…In countries where birth rates are moderately below replacement level, the population size falls only slowly and, if considered necessary, can be supplemented with migration. In contrast, countries where the fertility rate has fallen below 1.5 births per woman and has stayed below this threshold are said to be locked into a "low fertility trap" (McDonald [2006]). …”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Assisted reproductive technologies (ART) in a model of fertility choice

2010

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Standard-Nutzungsbedingungen:Die Dokumente auf EconStor dürfen zu eigenen wissenschaftlichen Zwecken und zum Privatgebrauch gespeichert und kopiert werden.Sie dürfen die Dokumente nicht für öffentliche oder kommerzielle Zwecke vervielfältigen, öffentlich ausstellen, öffentlich zugänglich machen, vertreiben oder anderweitig nutzen.Sofern die Verfasser die Dokumente unter Open-Content-Lizenzen (insbesondere CC-Lizenzen) zur Verfügung gestellt haben sollten, gelten abweichend von diesen Nutzungsbedingungen die in der dort genannten Lizenz gewährten Nutzungsrechte. Terms of use: Documents in EconStor may ABSTRACTThis paper provides a simple theoretical framework to discuss the relationship between assisted reproductive technologies and the microeconomics of fertility choice. Individuals make choices of education and work along with decisions about whether and when to have children. Decisions regarding fertility are influenced by policy and labor market factors that affect the earnings opportunities of mothers and the costs of raising children. We show how observed differences in these economic factors across countries explain observed different fertility and childbearing age patterns. We then use the model to predict behavioral responses to biomedical improvements in assisted reproductive technologies, and hence the impact of these technologies on fertility. NON-TECHNICAL SUMMARYIn virtually every industrialized country the total fertility rate has been declining for more than four decades, and ever since the 1980s it has been below the 2.1 children per woman needed for a population to replace itself. Countries with sub-replacement fertility fall into two distinct groups. In countries where birth rates are moderately below replacement level, the population size falls only slowly and, if considered necessary, can be supplemented with migration. In contrast, countries where the fertility rate has fallen below 1.5 births per woman and has stayed below this threshold are said to be locked into a ``low fertility trap''. The anticipated economic consequences for countries in the low fertility trap are manifold, from a shortage of skilled young workers to a population ageing-related slowdown in the growth of GDP to an increase in age-related public spending. Demographers have recognized that a small increase or stabilization of total fertility could help countries in or at the brink of the low fertility trap prevent these economic problems from taking effect. Traditionally, most debates on stabilizing fertility rates focused on policies such as flexible working, maternity and paternity leave, and increasing benefits for second and third children. However, policymakers have recently started to take note of the potential role in stabilizing fertility rates of assisted reproductive technologies.This paper pursues two related objectives. The first half of the paper develops a simple model that allows us to explain the different reproductive patterns observed across industrialized and emerging countries. In the second half of ...

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Low Fertility and the State: The Efficacy of Policy

Cited by 388 publications

References 45 publications

The New Roles of Men and Women and Implications for Families and Societies

The New Roles of Men and Women and Implications for Families and Societies

Sub-Replacement Fertility Intentions in Austria

Assisted reproductive technologies (ART) in a model of fertility choice

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