Low cost, high throughput and centimeter‐scale fabrication of efficient hybrid perovskite solar cells by closed space vapor transport

Li, Guijun; Ho, Jacob Y L; Wong, Man; Kwok, Hoi Sing

doi:10.1002/pssr.201510386

Cited by 27 publications

(27 citation statements)

References 28 publications

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“…PSCs fabricated at an ultra‐low temperature of 82 °C achieve a high efficiency of 14.7%. In addition, Li et al invent a similar technology, that is, close space vapor transport (CSVT) . It also shows the potential for large‐scale production owning to its low cost, high throughput, and large‐area uniformity, just as commercial‐scale manufacturing of CdTe thin‐film solar cells .…”

Section: Two‐step Cvdmentioning

confidence: 99%

Chemical Vapor Deposition of Perovskites for Photovoltaic Application

Luo

Zhou

Xia

et al. 2017

Adv Materials Inter

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just a couple of years, suggesting a bright future for PV application. [15][16][17] To date, a number of processing technologies have been developed to fabricate perovskites, such as solution process, [2,3,[18][19][20][21] thermal evaporation, [22,23] flash evaporation, [24] atomic layer deposition (ALD), [25] doctor-blade coating, [26] slot-die coating, [27] spray deposition, [28] and ink-jet printing, [29] etc. Among various approaches, the most studied solution method not only achieves highly efficient PSCs but also owns cost advantage. However, the uncontrolled over-rapid liquid reaction often generates rough and porous films with incomplete conversions, resulting in large variations on film morphology and PV response. [18][19][20][21] Inversely, thermal evaporation can generate high-quality films with smooth and pinhole-free morphologies, in which the moderate gas-phase reaction characteristic effectively relieves the reaction rate. Nevertheless, there are a few of disadvantages in vacuum process, for instance, low material utilization, high equipment investment and energy consumption, hampering its further application. [22][23][24][25] The rest technologies often produce poor film quality, and are also difficult to scale up. [26][27][28][29] Therefore, development of a new class of advanced fabrication technology shall be critical for the future commercialization of PSCs.In 2013, a radically different technology, that is, vapor-assisted solution process (VASP), is invented by Yang and coworkers. [30] This method combines the advantages of gas-phase deposition and solution process. Concretely speaking, PbI 2 films are first spin-coated as the precursors, and then reacted with MAI vapor in a closed room. The attraction of this work is that film growth via in situ gas-solid (G-S) reaction, which is considered as a fruitful way for preparing perovskites. Subsequently, similar G-S crystallization and other modified VASP approaches are reported. [31][32][33] However, VASP methods require manipulations in glove box or protecting atmosphere, and show poor controllability and versatility, unsuitable for their mass production. Soon after, as an evolution of VASP, more convenient tubular CVD technology is successively developed by independent groups. [34][35][36] This simple and low-cost film growth method provides excellent controllability and repeatability for batch processing, which has been regarded as a cost-effective road for fabricating high-quality perovskites. Subsequently, an array of CVD techniques, such as in situ tubular CVD (ITCVD), [37] one-step tubular CVD, [38] aerosol-assisted CVD (AACVD), [39][40][41][42] hybrid physical-chemical vapor deposition (HPCVD), [43] modified chemical vapor transport (mCVT), [44] and so on, are consecutively invented, and remarkable achievements of PSCs by In recent years, high-efficient and low-cost perovskite solar cells (PSCs) have triggered a strong interest in the photovoltaic (PV) field. However, it is still challenging to develop cost-effective perovskite fabricatio...

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Section: Two‐step Cvdmentioning

confidence: 99%

Chemical Vapor Deposition of Perovskites for Photovoltaic Application

Luo

Zhou

Xia

et al. 2017

Adv Materials Inter

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“…The evaporation method, on the other hand, has a potential for uniform large-area film deposition 28 , 29 , conformal film deposition on uneven surfaces 30 , as well as a simple patterning with shadow masks 31 . Additionally, since it is a solvent-free process, there is no need to consider surface tension or solubility of the underlying layer.…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Controllable deposition of organic metal halide perovskite films with wafer-scale uniformity by single source flash evaporation

Lee

et al. 2020

Sci Rep

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Conventional solution-processing techniques such as the spin-coating method have been used successfully to reveal excellent properties of organic–inorganic halide perovskites (OHPs) for optoelectronic devices such as solar cell and light-emitting diode, but it is essential to explore other deposition techniques compatible with large-scale production. Single-source flash evaporation technique, in which a single source of materials of interest is rapidly heated to be deposited in a few seconds, is one of the candidate techniques for large-scale thin film deposition of OHPs. In this work, we investigated the reliability and controllability of the single-source flash evaporation technique for methylammonium lead iodide (MAPbI3) perovskite. In-depth statistical analysis was employed to demonstrate that the MAPbI3 films prepared via the flash evaporation have an ultrasmooth surface and uniform thickness throughout the 4-inch wafer scale. We also show that the thickness and grain size of the MAPbI3 film can be controlled by adjusting the amount of the source and number of deposition steps. Finally, the excellent large-area uniformity of the physical properties of the deposited thin films can be transferred to the uniformity in the device performance of MAPbI3 photodetectors prepared by flash evaporation which exhibited the responsivity of 0.2 A/W and detectivity of 3.82 × 1011 Jones.

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“…This vapor-assisted solution process (VASP) led to an understanding that the formation of hybrid perovskite thin films allows for much flexibility. [153] [155] Flash evaporation 2 ITO/PEDOT:PSS/MAPI/polyTPD/PCBM/Ba/Ag 0.09 12.2% [151] Flash evaporation 1 FTO/PCBM/MAPI/spiro-OMeTAD/Au 0.09 10.01% [152] Pulsed laser flash evaporation 1 FTO/NiO x /MAPI/C60/BC/Ag N/A N/A [156] Samples with * are stabilized power conversion efficiency. Others followed the same technique to refine the crystal growth and morphology to improve the defects and interfaces (shown in Figure 15b,c) [158] for devices with small-area PCE of g = 10.5% or to form higher bandgap MAPbBr perovskites [159] with small-area PCE of g = 8.7%.…”

Section: Vapor-assisted Solution Process and Ion Exchangementioning

confidence: 99%

Scalable Deposition Methods for Large‐area Production of Perovskite Thin Films

Swartwout

Hoerantner

Bulović

2019

Energy & Environ Materials

180

179

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The recent steady improvements in the performance of the nascent hybrid perovskite photovoltaic (PV) devices have led to power conversion efficiencies that rival the best-performing established PV technologies. However, to scale these laboratory demonstrations to PV module-scale production will require development of scalable deposition methods for perovskite thin films. Every record result for perovskite PVs so far was achieved via spin coating, a technique that is popular in research laboratories for thin-film coating over relatively small device areas, but not considered to be a method that could be used to scale up the manufacturing of perovskite PVs. Significantly larger thin-film areas are needed for future commercial PV products. Hence, some researchers have focused their efforts on perovskite deposition techniques that can be considered as scalable for mass production and have achieved notable results even on large areas. Here, we present an overview of the solution-based and vapor-based deposition processes; we explain their influence on the molecular crystal growth behavior of perovskite thin films and discuss the morphology as well as other material quality characteristics. By presenting a comprehensive comparison of the deposition techniques and the corresponding performance parameters for different device sizes, we intent to guide the growing research community through the methods that might enable mass production of perovskite solar products.

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Low cost, high throughput and centimeter‐scale fabrication of efficient hybrid perovskite solar cells by closed space vapor transport

Cited by 27 publications

References 28 publications

Chemical Vapor Deposition of Perovskites for Photovoltaic Application

Chemical Vapor Deposition of Perovskites for Photovoltaic Application

Controllable deposition of organic metal halide perovskite films with wafer-scale uniformity by single source flash evaporation

Scalable Deposition Methods for Large‐area Production of Perovskite Thin Films

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