Low-cost embossed-paper micro-channels for spontaneous capillary flow

215

150

Paper is a versatile, flexible, porous, and eco-friendly substrate that is utilized in the fabrication of low-cost devices and biosensors for rapid detection of analytes of interest. Paper-based sensors provide affordable platforms for simple, accurate, and rapid detection of diseases, in addition to monitoring food quality, environmental and sun exposure, and detection of pathogens. Paper-based devices provide an inexpensive technology for fabrication of simple and portable diagnostic systems that can be immensely useful in resource-limited settings, such as in developing countries or austere environments, where fully-equipped facilities and highly trained medical staff are absent. In this work, we present the different types of paper that are currently utilized in fabrication of paper-based sensors, and common fabrication techniques ranging from wax printing to origami- and kirigami-based approaches. In addition, we present different detection techniques that are employed in paper-based sensors such as colorimetric, electrochemical, and fluorescence detection, chemiluminescence, and electrochemiluminescence, as well as their applications including disease diagnostics, cell cultures, monitoring sun exposure, and analysis of environmental reagents including pollutants. Furthermore, main advantages and disadvantages of different types of paper and future trends for paper-based sensors are discussed.

Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Section: Fabrication and Printingmentioning

confidence: 99%

Paper-Based Sensors: Emerging Themes and Applications

Singh

Lantigua

Meka

et al. 2018

215

150

“…Despite the promising properties and applications of paper-based sensors, there are some associated limitations in terms of accuracy, resolution, sensitivity, and multiplexed detection. However, the efforts can be diverted towards patterned fabrication and employment of other advanced detection approaches (for e.g., chemiluminescence and electrochemiluminescence) [68,80].…”

Section: Point-of-care (Poc) Devices For Biological Contaminantsmentioning

confidence: 99%

Point-of-Care Strategies for Detection of Waterborne Pathogens

Kumar

Nehra

Mehta

et al. 2019

Waterborne diseases that originated due to pathogen microorganisms are emerging as a serious global health concern. Therefore, rapid, accurate, and specific detection of these microorganisms (i.e., bacteria, viruses, protozoa, and parasitic pathogens) in water resources has become a requirement of water quality assessment. Significant research has been conducted to develop rapid, efficient, scalable, and affordable sensing techniques to detect biological contaminants. State-of-the-art technology-assisted smart sensors have improved features (high sensitivity and very low detection limit) and can perform in a real-time manner. However, there is still a need to promote this area of research, keeping global aspects and demand in mind. Keeping this view, this article was designed carefully and critically to explore sensing technologies developed for the detection of biological contaminants. Advancements using paper-based assays, microfluidic platforms, and lateral flow devices are discussed in this report. The emerging recent trends, mainly point-of-care (POC) technologies, of water safety analysis are also discussed here, along with challenges and future prospective applications of these smart sensing technologies for water health diagnostics.

“…Several chemical or physical techniques are available for such modifications. Such methods as plasma treatment [ 18 ], photolithography [ 19 ], inkjet printing [ 20 ], screen printing [ 21 ], wax treatment [ 22 ], and embossing [ 23 ] were suggested for the paper sensors. The idea behind all these methods is to develop a fabrication protocol for a microfluidic structure on paper, enabling various methods for sample preparation, pre-treatment, targeted delivery and multi-step detection.…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

A Pencil-Drawn Electronic Tongue for Environmental Applications

Kirsanov

Mukherjee

Pal

et al. 2021

We report on the development of a simple and cost-effective potentiometric sensor array that is based on manual “drawing” on the polymeric support with the pencils composed of graphite and different types of zeolites. The sensor array demonstrates distinct sensitivity towards a variety of inorganic ions in aqueous media. This multisensor system has been successfully applied to quantitative analysis of 100 real-life surface waters sampled in Mahananda and Hooghly rivers in the West Bengal state (India). Partial least squares regression has been utilized to relate responses of the sensors to the values of different water quality parameters. It has been found that the developed sensor array, or electronic tongue, is capable of quantifying total hardness, total alkalinity, and calcium content in the samples, with the mean relative errors below 18%.