Paper is a versatile, flexible, porous, and eco-friendly substrate that is utilized in the fabrication of low-cost devices and biosensors for rapid detection of analytes of interest. Paper-based sensors provide affordable platforms for simple, accurate, and rapid detection of diseases, in addition to monitoring food quality, environmental and sun exposure, and detection of pathogens. Paper-based devices provide an inexpensive technology for fabrication of simple and portable diagnostic systems that can be immensely useful in resource-limited settings, such as in developing countries or austere environments, where fully-equipped facilities and highly trained medical staff are absent. In this work, we present the different types of paper that are currently utilized in fabrication of paper-based sensors, and common fabrication techniques ranging from wax printing to origami- and kirigami-based approaches. In addition, we present different detection techniques that are employed in paper-based sensors such as colorimetric, electrochemical, and fluorescence detection, chemiluminescence, and electrochemiluminescence, as well as their applications including disease diagnostics, cell cultures, monitoring sun exposure, and analysis of environmental reagents including pollutants. Furthermore, main advantages and disadvantages of different types of paper and future trends for paper-based sensors are discussed.

The Internet of things generally as IoT is a concept of sharing the network between different network objects through internet connectivity. The main objective of this project is to help the agriculturists during the irrigation process. IoT plays a major role in the grazing fields. The Smart irrigation system minimizes the wastage of water and helps farmers for successful usage of the water and besides the crop development. In the proposed paper we are describing an efficient system of irrigation to minimize the consumption of water in the. This in turn grants a remote control mechanism to monitor the process of irrigation. This irrigation process is automated only if the moisture, Temperature levels of the field falls below the reference value. The notifications that are retrieved by the sensor are sent to farmers mobile at a given period of time. The farmers can get SMS about the condition of the soil (whether soil is dry or wet) based the dryness of the soil. The farmers can easily operate the motor and can easily monitor all the operation in the fields. This intelligent Irrigation system's efficiency is greater than 90% when compared with traditional method. Hence the designed system will provide the complete readings of the content of humidity in the soil and the timely records the temperature as well. This recorded data helps the farmers to inspect the proper functioning of the system and to supply the water into the field in the proper proportions.