Low Concentration Platinum Nanoparticles Effectively Scavenge Reactive Oxygen Species in Rat Skeletal L6 Cells

Abstract

Prolonged exposure to excessive reactive oxygen species (ROS) increases risk factors for many diseases. Therefore, elimination of ROS as well as prevention of its production becomes critically important. In the present study, we evaluated the levels of cytotoxicity and ROS scavenging activity induced by synthetic platinum nanoparticles (PtNPs). Average size of synthesized PtNPs was 2.2 nm. Synthetic PtNPs were found to scavenge both induced and endogenous H 2 O 2 significantly in L6 rat skeletal muscle cells at a very low concentration (10 −2 mg/l). To investigate the mechanism of action, the hierarchical oxidative stress model was used as an experimental model. To evaluate this possibility, we assessed glutathione concentration and gene levels of several antioxidant enzymes in PtNPs-treated (10 −3 -10 mg/l) L6 cells. Reduced glutathione (GSH) was increased in the range of 10 −3 -1 mg/l, but not in the 10 mg/l PtNP-treated cells. The GSH/GSSG ratio increased significantly at 1 mg/l and decreased in the 10 mg/l PtNPtreated cells. Most of the gene transcripts for oxidative stress inducible heme oxygenase-1 (HO-1), glutathione reductase (GR), copper-zinc superoxide dismutase (CuZn-SOD), manganese superoxide dismutase (Mn-SOD), glutathione peroxidase (GPx), and catalase were increased significantly by PtNPs at 10 −1 -10 mg/l. Such upregulatory effects induced by synthetic PtNPs at high concentrations (1-10 mg/l) in L6 cells can be explained by the hierarchical oxidative stress model. However, the cellular responses induced by low levels (10 −3 -10 −2 mg/l) of PtNPs could not be fully explained by this model.

Removal Efficiency of Radioactive Cesium and Iodine Ions by a Flow-Type Apparatus Designed for Electrochemically Reduced Water Production

“…Pt nanoparticles exhibit protective effects that are attributed to their suppressing ROS production caused by UV-light-induced epidermal inflammation [69] . Synthetic Pt nanoparticles have been shown to scavenge ROS in cultured HeLa cells [70] , to induce expression of antioxidant enzyme genes in rat skeletal muscle L6 cells [71] , and to act as an SOD/catalase mimetic agent in human lymphoma cells [72] . Model ERW prepared from NaCl, KCl or NaOH solutions has been shown to exert beneficial effects such as anti-diabetic, anti-cancer, and life-span extension of nematodes because of its ROS scavenging ability in numerous in vitro and in vivo studies [73] – [78] .…”

Electrochemically Reduced Water Protects Neural Cells from Oxidative Damage

“…Dissolved hydrogen molecules diffused in cells have been shown to reduce intracellular hydroxyl radicals [ 78 , 79 ]. Pt Nps have been shown to be taken up by pinocytosis, diffusion, and other processes and act as novel ROS scavengers in vitro and in vivo [ 80 , 81 ]. Internalized functional components are capable of scavenging ROS produced by cytotoxic stimuli such as H 2 O 2 , SNP, and glutamate used in this study.…”

Therapeutic applications of nanozymes and their role in cardiovascular disease

“…The non-cytotoxic properties of Pt NPs have been reported in previous research. All these studies showed that 10 -4 -10 3 ng/cm 2 (7.86×10 -7 -7.86 mg/l) of 20-100 nm Pt NPs affected neither the cellular metabolism nor cell death [33]. Moreover, hybrids nanomaterials have been broadly invented.…”

“…Moreover, hybrids nanomaterials have been broadly invented. Graphene oxide [33] nanomaterials broadly use in research, due to their high conductivity, absorbing properties, large surface area, and outstanding biocompatibility [34].…”