Electrochemically Reduced Water Protects Neural Cells from Oxidative Damage

Abstract

Aging-related neurodegenerative disorders are closely associated with mitochondrial dysfunction and oxidative stresses and their incidence tends to increase with aging. Brain is the most vulnerable to reactive species generated by a higher rate of oxygen consumption and glucose utilization compared to other organs. Electrochemically reduced water (ERW) was demonstrated to scavenge reactive oxygen species (ROS) in several cell types. In the present study, the protective effect of ERW against hydrogen peroxide (H2O2) and nitric oxide (NO) was investigated in several rodent neuronal cell lines and primary cells. ERW was found to significantly suppress H2O2 (50–200 μM) induced PC12 and SFME cell deaths. ERW scavenged intracellular ROS and exhibited a protective effect against neuronal network damage caused by 200 μM H2O2 in N1E-115 cells. ERW significantly suppressed NO-induced cytotoxicity in PC12 cells despite the fact that it did not have the ability to scavenge intracellular NO. ERW significantly suppressed both glutamate induced Ca2+ influx and the resulting cytotoxicity in primary cells. These results collectively demonstrated for the first time that ERW protects several types of neuronal cells by scavenging ROS because of the presence of hydrogen and platinum nanoparticles dissolved in ERW.

New Approach in Translational Medicine: Effects of Electrolyzed Reduced Water (ERW) on NF-κB/iNOS Pathway in U937 Cell Line under Altered Redox State

“…ERW has been reported to suppress H 2 O 2 -induced oxidative stress in neuroblastoma N1E115 cells and adrenal gland PC12 cells [ 13 , 14 , 15 , 16 , 17 , 18 , 19 ]. We first examined whether H 2 O 2 -induced oxidative stress was suppressed by ERW in other cell lines, such as U937, a human leukemic monocyte lymphoma cell line.…”

“…The antioxidant regulation of NF-κB/iNOS activation and gene expression, to which this subject is signaling, has been reported frequently [ 5 , 6 , 7 , 8 , 9 , 10 , 11 , 12 , 13 , 14 , 15 , 16 , 17 , 18 , 19 , 20 , 21 , 22 ]. Western Blotting analysis showed that H 2 O 2 increased the nuclear protein expression of NF-κB with statistical significance, and treatment with ERW clearly reduced the nuclear translocation with respect to an MQ-NaOH medium + H 2 O 2 treated cells ( Figure 4 A).…”

“…Recently, it was disclosed that Electrolyzed Reduced Water (ERW), generated at the cathode during water electrolysis, has high pH, low dissolved oxygen and an extremely negative redox potential (ORP). It has also been shown to exhibit scavenging activity [ 13 ]. In Taiwan, ERW is used as a source of drinking water and it has also gained much attention in Japanese research [ 14 ].…”

Nitric oxide is involved in hydrogen gas-induced cell cycle activation during adventitious root formation in cucumber

“…Until now, the relationship between H 2 and NO both in animals and plants still remains to be elucidated. Although H 2 could not inhibit intracellular NO production, it significantly suppressed NO-induced cytotoxicity in PC12 cells [ 43 ]. In alfalfa, H 2 alleviated aluminum stress via decreasing NO production [ 32 ].…”

“…Previous animal researches showed that there is a relationship between H 2 and NO in some situations [ 36 , 43 ]. In plants, Xie et al [ 37 ] discovered that exposure of Arabidopsis to HRW resulted in an increase in NO content.…”