Loudness change in response to dynamic acoustic intensity.

Olsen, Kirk N.; Stevens, Catherine J.; Tardieu, Julien

doi:10.1037/a0018389

Cited by 25 publications

(42 citation statements)

References 49 publications

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“…Such studies could also investigate the role of time-reversing speech signals on their loudness in more detail. Ratings of global loudness and loudness change measured with ramped and damped stimuli (i.e., with stimuli comprising aslowonset and asharp offset or vice versa)showed an increased loudness for ramped compared to damped stimuli [45,46,47], butsee also [48,49]. In this light, one could expect that time-reversed speech should be slightly louder than unprocessed speech because its temporal envelope is more similar to ramped stimuli (see [50,51]).…”

Section: Factors Affecting Loudness Of Speechmentioning

confidence: 98%

Loudness of Speech and Speech-Like Signals

Rennies¹,

Holube²,

Verhey³

2013

Acta Acustica united with Acustica

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The influence of different properties of speech-likesignals on loudness wasinvestigated by measuring levels at equal loudness in normal-hearing listeners for 22 speech-likes timuli using categorical loudness scaling and an adaptive matching procedure. Eight of the stimuli, referred to as unprocessed stimuli, had the same speech-like long-term spectrum, butdiffered in other speech-related properties, ranging from astationary noise overspeechmodulated signals to real intelligible and unintelligible speech. The other stimuli were designed to investigate the influence of severe modifications of speech-related properties due to spectral filtering, reverberation, compression, and expansion on loudness. In general, results were similar for both measurement methods and revealed only small effects of temporal modulations on loudness perception, and no influence of intelligibility or reverberation. Even severe modifications of the stimuli by highpass-filtering and expansion did not affect levels at equal loudness. Only lowpass-filtering significantly decreased loudness and compression significantly increased loudness. The experimental results indicate that the long-term spectrum of speech has amajor influence on loudness while other properties of speech only have aminor contribution. Some of the results could not be predicted by loudness models based on short-term loudness. Instead, longer time constants were required to not overestimate the loudness of time-varying speech-likesounds.

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Section: Factors Affecting Loudness Of Speechmentioning

confidence: 98%

Loudness of Speech and Speech-Like Signals

Rennies¹,

Holube²,

Verhey³

2013

Acta Acustica united with Acustica

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“…The dynamic range scale was intended to measure whether listeners are sensitive to the changes in dynamic range caused by DRC. In this study, dynamic range was defined as "loudness changes," as described previously by Neuhoff (2001) and Olsen et al (2010). Pleasantness and preference scales were included separately due to the possibility that a listener may judge a particular musical sound as less pleasant, but may still prefer that sound (e.g., distortion on an electric guitar).…”

Section: B Sound Quality and Loudnessmentioning

confidence: 99%

Quality and loudness judgments for music subjected to compression limiting

Croghan

Arehart

Kates³

2012

The Journal of the Acoustical Society of America

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Dynamic-range compression (DRC) is used in the music industry to maximize loudness. The amount of compression applied to commercial recordings has increased over time due to a motivating perspective that louder music is always preferred. In contrast to this viewpoint, artists and consumers have argued that using large amounts of DRC negatively affects the quality of music. However, little research evidence has supported the claims of either position. The present study investigated how DRC affects the perceived loudness and sound quality of recorded music. Rock and classical music samples were peak-normalized and then processed using different amounts of DRC. Normal-hearing listeners rated the processed and unprocessed samples on overall loudness, dynamic range, pleasantness, and preference, using a scaled paired-comparison procedure in two conditions: un-equalized, in which the loudness of the music samples varied, and loudness-equalized, in which loudness differences were minimized. Results indicated that a small amount of compression was preferred in the un-equalized condition, but the highest levels of compression were generally detrimental to quality, whether loudness was equalized or varied. These findings are contrary to the "louder is better" mentality in the music industry and suggest that more conservative use of DRC may be preferred for commercial music.

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“…In particular, it has been found that sounds increasing in level over time-also referred to as up-ramps-are perceived as louder (Susini et al, 2007) or changing more in loudness (Neuhoff, 1998;Olsen et al, 2010) than sounds decreasing over time-also referred to as down-ramps. Though several hypotheses have been proposed, the causes of these findings, involving perceptual phenomena specifically related to time-varying sounds, are still not clearly identified (e.g., Pastore and Flint, 2011).…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Temporal loudness weights for sounds with increasing and decreasing intensity profiles

Ponsot

Susini

Pierre

et al. 2013

The Journal of the Acoustical Society of America

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International audienceUsing molecular psychophysics, temporal loudness weights were measured for 2-s, 1-kHz tones with flat, increasing and decreasing time-intensity profiles. While primacy and recency effects were observed for flat profile stimuli, the so-called "level dominance" effect was observed for both increasing and decreasing profile stimuli, fully determining their temporal weights. The weighs obtained for these profiles were basically zero for all but the most intense parts of these sounds. This supports the view that the "level dominance" effect is prominent with intensity-varying sounds and that it persists over time since temporal weights are not affected by the direction of intensity change

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Loudness change in response to dynamic acoustic intensity.

Cited by 25 publications

References 49 publications

Loudness of Speech and Speech-Like Signals

Loudness of Speech and Speech-Like Signals

Quality and loudness judgments for music subjected to compression limiting

Temporal loudness weights for sounds with increasing and decreasing intensity profiles

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