“…6 . Figure 6 The Pb isotope systematics of ore sources from the northwest Mediterranean zone 2 , 16 , 20 , 21 , 35 , 59 – 61 and the Bohemian brass (this study) artefacts categorised according to the cultural groups. …”
Section: Resultsmentioning
confidence: 99%
“…Using modern analytical tools of chemical composition (XRF, EPMA, AAS, PIXE, ICP-MS), there has been some progress in identifying brass manufacture (possibly from the Roman imports) in the broader area of Europe among the artefacts dated already to the early 60s BC; however, the geological provenance of used ores remained mostly unrevealed 2 , 9 – 12 . More recently, studies systematically dealing with the Pb isotope compositions of selected materials and artefacts frequently used in the society and for constructions, such as copper 13 – 16 , lead 17 , 18 , and brass 2 , have become available. It has been noted that the provenance analyses of ancient Cu from the Iron Age and later periods might be challenging due to the complexity of the interpretations imposed by numerous and often unknown resources, widespread material mixing, recycling, depletion, or other reasons.…”
Ancient brass (aurichalcum) was a valued commodity in the Antiquity, notably because of its gold-like appearance. After mastering brass fabrication using the cementation procedure in the first century BC in the Mediterranean, this material became widely used by the Romans for coins, jewellery and other artefacts. Because of its visual qualities, it is believed that since this period, brass played an important role in diplomatic and economic contacts with indigenous communities, notably Celtic and Germanic tribes north of Danube and west of Rhine. To test this hypothesis, we performed for the first time the advanced statistical multivariate analysis based on chemical composition and lead isotope systematics, coupled with informed typo-chronological categorisation, of a suite of late Iron Age and Early Roman period (first century BC – first century AD) brass and other copper-alloy artefacts from the territory of Bohemia. In order to to discuss their provenance, the results were compared to known contemporary sources of material. The new results for brass artefacts from this early phase of the massive occurrence of Roman aurichalcum in the Barbarian territories point to the ore deposits in the western Mediterranean or the Massif Central area in Gaul, consistent with historical events. These new findings underscore the great economic and political importance of the new and rich mineral resources in the Transalpine Gaul acquired due to Caesar's military campaigns.
“…6 . Figure 6 The Pb isotope systematics of ore sources from the northwest Mediterranean zone 2 , 16 , 20 , 21 , 35 , 59 – 61 and the Bohemian brass (this study) artefacts categorised according to the cultural groups. …”
Section: Resultsmentioning
confidence: 99%
“…Using modern analytical tools of chemical composition (XRF, EPMA, AAS, PIXE, ICP-MS), there has been some progress in identifying brass manufacture (possibly from the Roman imports) in the broader area of Europe among the artefacts dated already to the early 60s BC; however, the geological provenance of used ores remained mostly unrevealed 2 , 9 – 12 . More recently, studies systematically dealing with the Pb isotope compositions of selected materials and artefacts frequently used in the society and for constructions, such as copper 13 – 16 , lead 17 , 18 , and brass 2 , have become available. It has been noted that the provenance analyses of ancient Cu from the Iron Age and later periods might be challenging due to the complexity of the interpretations imposed by numerous and often unknown resources, widespread material mixing, recycling, depletion, or other reasons.…”
Ancient brass (aurichalcum) was a valued commodity in the Antiquity, notably because of its gold-like appearance. After mastering brass fabrication using the cementation procedure in the first century BC in the Mediterranean, this material became widely used by the Romans for coins, jewellery and other artefacts. Because of its visual qualities, it is believed that since this period, brass played an important role in diplomatic and economic contacts with indigenous communities, notably Celtic and Germanic tribes north of Danube and west of Rhine. To test this hypothesis, we performed for the first time the advanced statistical multivariate analysis based on chemical composition and lead isotope systematics, coupled with informed typo-chronological categorisation, of a suite of late Iron Age and Early Roman period (first century BC – first century AD) brass and other copper-alloy artefacts from the territory of Bohemia. In order to to discuss their provenance, the results were compared to known contemporary sources of material. The new results for brass artefacts from this early phase of the massive occurrence of Roman aurichalcum in the Barbarian territories point to the ore deposits in the western Mediterranean or the Massif Central area in Gaul, consistent with historical events. These new findings underscore the great economic and political importance of the new and rich mineral resources in the Transalpine Gaul acquired due to Caesar's military campaigns.
“…Mantenant 2014Mantenant and Munoz 2017. 48 Le Roux et al 2005;Delile et al 2014;Delile et al 2016;Hanel and Bode, 2016;Delile et al 2017;Parjanadze and Bode, 2017;Rothenhöfer et al, 2017;McConnell et al 2018;Bode et al 2018. 49 Baron et al 2005;Baron et al 2006;Baron et al 2009. Clément Flaux et al spring dedicated to the eponymous god of the city, Nemausus, became a sewer downstream and a vector, from the Roman city to the countryside, of visible and invisible waste.…”
The excavation of a palaeochannel at the Vistre de la Fontaine 2-2 archaeological site, 3 km downstream from the ancient city of Nîmes (southeastern France), provided an accumulation sequence covering the last 2,500 years. Trace metal analyses of these alluvial sediments disclosed lead (Pb) contamination during the Early Roman Empire, with concentrations close to 1,000 ppm, a factor of 100 above the local geochemical background. This excess of Pb shows a uniform isotopic signature that may reflect unchanged ore sources, perhaps from the Massif Central or from Great Britain. The Pb peak accompanied visible waste that was transported in the sediments of the Vistre de la Fontaine at the time of the development of the Nîmes urban water supply and drainage network during the Early Roman Empire. This research shows the bimillennial persistence of palaeo-contamination in a peri-urban alluvial plain and the relevance of fluvial sedimentary archives in documenting ancient waste.
“…Overview of lead isotope systematics of ore sources from the northwest Mediterranean zone and the Bohemian brass objects categorised according to the cultural groups. Sources: see [2,22,27,28,35,70,76,71]. Figure 8 Euclidean (ED) and Mahalanobis (MD) distances between lead isotope ratios of various sets of artefacts from the Early Roman period and the Bohemian brass objects.…”
Section: Figurementioning
confidence: 99%
“…Thanks to modern analytical tools, there has been some progress in identifying brass manufacture (possibly from the Roman imports) in the broader area of Europe among the objects dated already to the early 60s BC; however, their geological provenance remained mostly undetected [16,17,2,18,9]. More recently, studies systematically dealing with the Pb isotope compositions of selected materials, such as copper [19,20,21,22], lead [24,25], and brass [2], have become available. It has been noted that the provenance analyses of ancient Cu from the Iron Age and later periods might be challenging due to the complexity of the interpretations imposed by numerous and often unknown resources, widespread material mixing, recycling, depletion, and other reasons.…”
Ancient brass (aurichalcum) was a valued commodity in the Antiquity, notably because of its gold-like appearance. After mastering brass fabrication using the cementation procedure in the 1st century BC in the Mediterranean, this material became widely used by the Romans for coins, jewellery and other objects. Because of its visual qualities, it is believed that since this period, brass played an important role in diplomatic and economic contacts with indigenous communities, notably Celtic and Germanic tribes north of Danube and west of Rhine. To test this hypothesis, we performed for the first time the archaeometric and advanced statistical multivariate analysis of a suite of late Iron Age and Early Roman period (1st century BC – 1st century AD) brass and other copper-alloy objects from the territory of Bohemia to constrain their provenance. The new results for brass objects from this early phase of the massive occurrence of Roman aurichalcum in the Barbarian territories point to the ore deposits in the western Mediterranean or the Massif Central area in Gaul, consistent with historical events. These new findings underscore the great economic and political importance of the new and rich mineral resources in the Transalpine Gaul acquired due to Caesar's military campaigns
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