Loss rates of phosphine associated with various materials used in laboratory fumigation apparatus

Susceptibility to sulfuryl fluoride and lack of cross-resistance to phosphine in developmental stages of the red flour beetle,Tribolium castaneum(Coleoptera: Tenebrionidae)

“…Jars containing eggs were placed inside the airtight desiccators (4.0–6.0 L) and fumigated with a concentration of 0.25 mg L −1 for 48 h. This dosage is known reliably to result in complete mortality of all the life stages of Lab‐S insects, including eggs (Collins PJ and Daglish GJ, unpublished), and allows survivors in PH‐R 1 , PH‐R 2 and PH‐R 3 , confirming the level of resistance. Phosphine was applied using an airtight syringe through a rubber septum at the top of the desiccator lid, and the concentration was measured using a gas chromatograph fitted with a thermal conductivity detector and using nitrogen as the standard . The experiment was repeated twice (three replicates), with each experiment consisting of two biological replicates.…”

“…Phosphine was applied using an airtight syringe through a rubber septum at the top of the desiccator lid, and the concentration was measured using a gas chromatograph fitted with a thermal conductivity detector and using nitrogen as the standard. 35 The experiment was repeated twice (three replicates), with each experiment consisting of two biological replicates. The responses were recorded 6 weeks after setting up the experiment.…”