Look at them and they will notice you: Distractor-independent attentional capture by direct gaze in change blindness

Lyyra, Pessi; Astikainen, Piia; Hietanen, Jari K.

doi:10.1080/13506285.2017.1370052

Cited by 19 publications

(15 citation statements)

References 41 publications

(76 reference statements)

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“…Extensive lines of research have shown that others’ gaze direction has effects on an observer’s own attention. Direct gaze has been shown to induce attention orienting toward faces ( von Grünau and Anston, 1995 ; Senju et al, 2005 ; Conty et al, 2006 ; Doi et al, 2009 ; Shirama, 2012 ; Böckler et al, 2014 ; Lyyra et al, 2017 ; for a critical view regarding the results from visual search studies, see Cooper et al, 2013 ), whereas seeing another individual with a gaze directed away from oneself triggers the re-orienting of one’s visuospatial attention in the gazed-at direction (e.g., Friesen and Kingstone, 1998 ; Driver et al, 1999 ; Hietanen, 1999 ; Langton and Bruce, 1999 ; for a review, see Frischen et al, 2007 ).…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Affective Eye Contact: An Integrative Review

2018

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In recent years, many studies have shown that perceiving other individuals’ direct gaze has robust effects on various attentional and cognitive processes. However, considerably less attention has been devoted to investigating the affective effects triggered by eye contact. This article reviews research concerning the effects of others’ gaze direction on observers’ affective responses. The review focuses on studies in which affective reactions have been investigated in well-controlled laboratory experiments, and in which contextual factors possibly influencing perceivers’ affects have been controlled. Two important themes emerged from this review. First, explicit affective evaluations of seeing another’s direct versus averted gaze have resulted in rather inconsistent findings; some studies report more positive subjective feelings to direct compared to averted gaze, whereas others report the opposite pattern. These contradictory findings may be related, for example, to differences between studies in terms of the capability of direct-gaze stimuli to elicit feelings of self-involvement. Second, studies relying on various implicit measures have reported more consistent results; they indicate that direct gaze increases affective arousal, and more importantly, that eye contact automatically evokes a positively valenced affective reaction. Based on the review, possible psychological mechanisms for the positive affective reactions elicited by eye contact are described.

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Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Affective Eye Contact: An Integrative Review

2018

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“…Many studies indicate that both eye contactwhen two persons mutually look at each other´s eyesas well as direct gazewhen someone is looked at regardless of eye contacthave a special impact on human cognition, since we tend to deploy visual attention to faces looking at us (Conty, Coelho, Tijus, Hugueville, & George, 2006;Lyyra, Astikainen, & Hietanen, 2017;Senju & Hasegawa, 2005). This effect presumably emerges since direct gaze signals an intention of communication (Senju & Johnson, 2009) and cues reciprocal attention.…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Eye contact in active and passive viewing: Event-related brain potential evidence from a combined eye tracking and EEG study

et al. 2020

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Eye contact is a salient social cue which is assumed to influence early brain processes involved in face perception. The N170 component in the event-related potential (ERP) has frequently been reported to be larger to faces with an averted rather than direct gaze towards the observer. In most studies, however, this effect has been investigated in comparatively artificial, passive settings where participants were instructed to fixate their gaze while observing occasional gaze changes in stimulus faces. Yet, it is unclear whether similar mechanisms are in place during naturalistic gaze interactions involving the continuous interplay of directed and averted gaze between the communication partners. To fill this gap, we compared passive viewing of gaze change sequences with an active condition where participants´ own gaze continuously interacted with the gaze of a stimulus face; while recording ERPs and monitoring gaze with eye tracking. In addition, we investigated the relevance of emotional facial expressions for gaze processing. For both passive viewing and active interaction, N170 amplitudes were larger when the gaze of stimulus faces was averted rather than directed at the participants. Furthermore, eye contact decreased P300 amplitudes in both conditions. Emotional facial expression influenced N170 amplitudes but did not elicit an early posterior negativity nor did it interact with gaze direction. We conclude that comparable mechanisms of gaze perception are in place in gaze interaction as compared to passive viewing, encouraging the further study of the eye contact effect in naturalistic settings.

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“…Even in non‐social study paradigms, visual facial stimuli depicting direct gaze can attract attention away from other objects in the environment (e.g., Conty, Gimmig, Belletier, George, & Huguet, 2010; Lyyra, Astikainen, & Hietanen, 2018). For example, Mares, Smith, Johnson, and Senju (2016) found that participants attended more quickly to pictures of faces with a direct gaze, than to either faces with an averted gaze or buildings.…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Facing away from the interviewer: Evidence of little benefit to eyewitnesses' memory performance

Nash

Ridout

Nash

2020

Applied Cognitive Psychology

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Averting gaze from another person's face generally improves cognitive performance, yet, little is known about how witnesses' gaze direction affects their recall during investigative interviews. Here, participants witnessed a video-recorded incident, and were interviewed via free recall and closed questions following a short delay. In Experiment 1, participants either faced the interviewer or faced away during the interview. In Experiment 2, alongside this manipulation, the interviewer also either faced the witness or faced away. In Experiment 3, witness gaze direction was manipulated alongside rapport-building. In Experiment 4, the effect of facing away was directly compared with that of eye-closure. Mini meta-analysis of all four experiments showed that the effect of witness gaze direction on memory performance was minimal. Furthermore, neither aversion of interviewer's gaze nor rapport-building magnified this effect. Added to the cumulative literature on eyewitness gaze aversion, these findings afford better estimates of the likely size of these effects.

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Look at them and they will notice you: Distractor-independent attentional capture by direct gaze in change blindness

Cited by 19 publications

References 41 publications

Affective Eye Contact: An Integrative Review

Affective Eye Contact: An Integrative Review

Eye contact in active and passive viewing: Event-related brain potential evidence from a combined eye tracking and EEG study

Facing away from the interviewer: Evidence of little benefit to eyewitnesses' memory performance

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