Long-term administration of high-dose methylphenidate-induced cerebellar morphology and function damage in adult rats

Clinical Investigation of French Maritime Pine Bark Extract on Attention-Deficit Hyperactivity Disorder as compared to Methylphenidate and Placebo: Part 2: Oxidative Stress and Immunological Modulation

“…From the cytokines and antibodies studied, TNF-α and IL-5 concentrations decreased while IgA and IgG 2 levels increased after 10-week MPH treatment. In the past years, some evidence has indicated that high-dose administration of MPH could play an active role in the increase of neuroinflammation factors and cytokines like IL-6, IL-1β, TNFα in different brain regions (Raoofi et al, 2020). On the other hand, previous research work by Chuang et al (Chuang et al, 2019) demonstrated that there were no significant differences in a series of serum cytokines levels between pre-and post-treatment with MPH in male ADHD patients aged between 6 and 12 years.…”

“…Among the neurotoxic aspects induced by MPH, it is also necessary to highlight its inflammatory potential (Foschiera et al, 2022). A study by Schmitz et al found that young animals after chronic treatment with MPH (2 mg/kg) have an increased production of cytokines TNF-α and IL-6 (Foschiera et al, 2022) while another one demonstrated that treatment with MPH at a dose of 20 mg/kg increased the levels of proinflammatory cytokines TNF-α and IL-1β in the cerebellum (Raoofi et al, 2020). Unlike MPH, evidence from in vitro, animal and human studies suggests that PBE has neuroprotective effects and even enhances mental performance .…”

Increased Alopecia Areata Risk in Children with Attention-Deficit/Hyperactivity Disorder and the Impact of Methylphenidate Use: A Nationwide Population-Based Cohort Study

“…A case series study recruiting three ADHD cases found that stimulant treatment in individuals with ADHD caused alopecia: all cases demonstrated sudden hair loss (patchy and diffuse hair loss) during the dose-increasing period of MPH (20-30 mg per day), and the hair loss stopped and hair resumed growing after the children were switched from MPH to atomoxetine or lisdexamfetamine [15]. Animal studies have suggested that acute and chronic MPH use could induce oxidative stress, inflammation, and apoptosis in rat brain cells, particularly in the hippocampus [16,17]. Chronic MPH use also increased microglial activation in multiple brain regions in rats, indicating that MPH might trigger inflammatory processes [18].…”