Lipopolysaccharide immune stimulation but not β-mannanase supplementation affects maintenance energy requirements in young weaned pigs

Abstract

BackgroundPathogen or diet-induced immune activation can partition energy and nutrients away from growth, but clear relationships between immune responses and the direction and magnitude of energy partitioning responses have yet to be elucidated. The objectives were to determine how β-mannanase supplementation and lipopolysaccharide (LPS) immune stimulation affect maintenance energy requirements (MEm) and to characterize immune parameters, digestibility, growth performance, and energy balance.MethodsIn a randomized complete block design, 30 young weaned pigs were assigned to either the control treatment (CON; basal corn, soybean meal and soybean hulls diet), the enzyme treatment (ENZ; basal diet + 0.056% β-mannanase), or the immune system stimulation treatment (ISS; basal diet + 0.056% β-mannanase, challenged with repeated increasing doses of Escherichia coli LPS). The experiment consisted of a 10-d adaptation period, 5-d digestibility and nitrogen balance measurement, 22 h of heat production (HP) measurements, and 12 h of fasting HP measurements in indirect calorimetry chambers. The immune challenge consisted of 4 injections of either LPS (ISS) or sterile saline (CON and ENZ), one every 48 h beginning on d 10. Blood was collected pre- and post-challenge for complete blood counts with differential, haptoglobin and mannan binding lectin, 12 cytokines, and glucose and insulin concentrations.ResultsBeta-mannanase supplementation did not affect immune status, nutrient digestibility, growth performance, energy balance, or MEm. The ISS treatment induced fever, elevated proinflammatory cytokines and decreased leukocyte concentrations (P < 0.05). The ISS treatment did not impact nitrogen balance or nutrient digestibility (P > 0.10), but increased total HP (21%) and MEm (23%), resulting in decreased lipid deposition (−30%) and average daily gain (−18%) (P < 0.05).ConclusionsThis experiment provides novel data on β-mannanase supplementation effects on immune parameters and energy balance in pigs and is the first to directly relate decreased ADG to increased MEm independent of changes in feed intake in immune challenged pigs. Immune stimulation increased energy partitioning to the immune system by 23% which limited lipid deposition and weight gain. Understanding energy and nutrient partitioning in immune-stressed pigs may provide insight into more effective feeding and management strategies.Electronic supplementary materialThe online version of this article (10.1186/s40104-018-0264-y) contains supplementary material, which is available to authorized users.

Effects of Dietary β-Mannanase Supplementation on Growth Performance, Apparent Total Tract Digestibility, Intestinal Integrity, and Immune Responses in Weaning Pigs

“…Pettey et al [9] reported that the β-mannanase supplementation in the weaning diet could increase the degradation of indigestible fractions and thus provide additional energy (approximately 100 kcal/kg of digestible energy (DE)] to weaning pigs. However, Huntley et al [11] reported that supplementation of β-mannanase in the weaning diet did not provide additional DE, resulting in no effect on weaning pig growth. A possible reason for this inconsistent effect might be the various amount of β-mannan (one of soluble NSP; sNSP) and insoluble NSP (iNSP) in the diet.…”

“…The iNSP are regarded as constituents of cell walls encapsulating nutrients, blocking the access of digestive enzymes to their substrates in the digestive tract [20]. The studies reported the increase in growth performance where the diets had less than 10% iNSP and 0.5% β-mannan [9,18], whereas the other study reported no effect of β-mannanase supplementation in growth performance where the diets had more than 10% iNSP and 0.5% β-mannan [11]. This indicated that the response of pigs to β-mannanase supplementation could depend on the content of β-mannan and iNSP in the diet.…”

“…The β-mannanase is one of the endo-carbohydrases, playing a role in degrading β-mannan to manno-oligosaccharide (MOS) and mannose [8]. Benefits from the β-mannanase supplementation in the corn-SBM diet on the growth performance and nutrient digestibility of nursery pigs have been reported [9][10][11]. However, the effects of β-mannanase supplementation to the weaning pigs' diet are still inconsistent and there is limited information available about how the β-mannanase supplementation influences innate immunity and microbial proliferation in the gut of weaning pigs.…”

Impacts of chronic and increasing lipopolysaccharide exposure on production and reproductive parameters in lactating Holstein dairy cows

“…The LPS stock solution (Escherichia coli O55:B5, L2880, Sigma Aldrich, St. Louis, MO) was prepared at a concentration of 300 μg/mL, passed 3571 through a 0.2-μm sterile syringe filter (Thermo Fisher Scientific, Waltham, MA), and stored in a sterile glass bottle 24 h before P2 as we have previously described (Kvidera et al, 2017;Horst et al, 2018). The LPS dose and increasing daily infusion rate were selected based on data from a similar experimental design utilizing pigs (Bidne et al, 2018b;Huntley et al, 2018). Each day, the amount of stock solution needed for each cow's daily dose was injected into a 1-L bottle of sterile saline.…”

Effects of Dietary Supplementation with Mulberry (Morus alba L.) Leaf Polysaccharides on Immune Parameters of Weanling Pigs

“…It is widely involved in the process and regulation of infection, stress, hypoxia, and reoxygenation. IL-2 is a peptide immune regulator secreted by activated T lymphocytes [27]. It not only promotes T-cell proliferation and participates in T-cell apoptosis, but also exerts an immunosuppressive effect [17,28].…”