Lipophilic extractives and main components of black pine cones

Abstract

547.917During the last decades, considerable attention has been paid first to pine cone extracts, especially for production of commercial, medicinal, and preservative compounds. The carbohydrate composition of some pine cones and the resin acid composition as well as fungi-toxic activities of cone extractives were investigated by Michales et al. [1]. The characterization of pine cone polysaccharides and lignin was made by Eberhardt and Young [2]. The antioxidant activity and total phenol content of different components from pine species have been estimated [3]. The chemical constituents of pine cones from species Pinus annandii and Pinus sylvestris were identified by Yang et al. [4] and Ganenko et al. [5] respectively.Black pine (Pinus nigra subsp. pallasiana) is widely distributed in Turkey. It is one of the most popular trees for timber use. Because of the biomass potential value, the aim of the present study was to elucidate the composition of both main and extractive components of Turkish black pine cones. In order to determine the extent of the change in the chemical composition, fresh and several years seasoned old cones were studied separately.The amount of ash, extractives, and main components of fresh and old cones are given in Table 1. The ash and extractive content of old sample was higher than that of fresh one. It was assumed that the inorganic residues from the forest ground could not be completely removed by washing the old cones and at least a small part of the ash might have its origin in the forest soil.Considering the solubilities of hot water, 1% NaOH, alcohol-cyclohexane, and alcohol, new cones delivered slightly higher values. The Klason lignin content of cones was estimated in two ways; first, extractives were removed from cone meal with a two-step organic solvent extraction and thereafter the extracted material was hydrolyzed with 72% sulfuric acid, and secondly a third-step extraction with 1% NaOH was conducted before sulfuric acid treatment. From Table 1 it is apparent that the acid-insoluble parts of the fresh and old cones differ from each other remarkably when the material was prepared with or without 1% NaOH treatment.After the third-step alkali extraction, the results from both specimens were very close and they probably indicate real lignin values. The lower lignin amount after alkali extraction reveals that phenolic compounds in the cones led to overestimations in the Klason lignin content. Both the Klason-and acetyl bromide lignin content were determined in some pine cones [2]. They found that the Klason lignin content of cones had a wider range of values (26.9-42.4%). However, when they used the acetyl bromide method to determine lignin content, their results were lower than those of the Klason content. These acetyl bromide-lignin estimations are in good agreement with our results obtained after 1% NaOH treatment. Because conifer cones contain proanthocyanidin polymers and they precipitate after condensation in the acidic reactions, Eberhardt and Young explained the possibilit...

Variable Chemistry and Herbivory of Ponderosa Pine Cones

“…Furthermore, only limited work has documented monoterpene variation in ponderosa pine cones (Latta et al 2000) or terpenes in the cones of any conifer species (Yano and Furuno 1994;Kurose and Yatagai 2005;Otto et al 2007;Sultan et al 2008;Ucar and Ucar 2008).…”

Physicochemical properties of pine cone molasses (pekmez) from Pinus nigra and Pinus brutia in Osmaniye

“…The pine cones were separated into 2-3 parts and dried in an oven (50-60°C) and then dried cones were ground in a mill and sieved to obtained homogenous particles (Ucar & Ucar, 2008). Total phenols of pine cones and their molasses were done due to the method that described by Gamli and Eker (2018).…”

“…It was determined that the main components of the essential oils of the branch tip samples of Pinus and Abies trees from the Pinaceae family are α‐pinene, β‐pinene, camphene, longifoline, limonene and β‐caryophyllene. Addition of α‐pinene monoterpene to neuroblastoma cell media has been found to have anti‐carcinogenic potential by reducing cell viability (Bağcı, 1998; Fkiri et al, 2019; Sezik et al, 2010; Ucar & Ucar, 2008). Additionally it is revealed that the principal components of pine cones ( Pinus armandii ) that grown in China were α‐pinene (20.92%) and D‐limonene (15.78%), β‐pinene (4.91%) and trans‐pinocarveol (4.76%) that obtained by hydrodistillation while the essential oil extracted by SPME showed α‐pinene (41.59%), D‐limonene (17.8%), β‐caryophllene (11.02%) and β‐pinene (7.54%) as the principal components in pine cones (Yang et al, 2010).…”

“…Additionally it is revealed that Pinus nigra spp. contains glucose, mannose, xylose, galactose and arabinose as monosaccharides at higher amounts at a level of 39.7, 16.8, 5.6, 3.2 and 2.5% respectively (Ucar & Ucar, 2008).…”

Kraft pulping properties of European black pine cone

“…Recently, cones from stone pine trees were evaluated by Buyuksari et al 2010 andAyrilmis et al 2009, for their potential use in particleboard and medium density fiberboard (MDF). In addition, some studies on the chemical compositions of various types of cones have been reported by several researchers (Dönmez et al 2012, Eberhardt and Young 1996, Ganenko et al 2006, Gonultas and Ucar 2013, Hafizoglu and Reunanen 1994, Kilic et al 2011, Macchioni et al 2003, Micales et al 1994, Norin and Winell 1971, Ohtsu et al 2000, Ucar and Ucar 2008, Yang et al 2005. However, no reports have been published on the use of cones in the paper industry either alone or mixed with wood.…”